Details Title: A&P Exam 1 Cells Description: exam 1 Total Flash Cards: 81 Created: 02/05/2009 15:28:51		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Anatomy Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term number of cells in body Definition 100 trillion Term phospholipid Definition bilayer of plasma membrane; only another lipid can move through Term Cholesterol Definition pure lipid that will not mix with water at the center of the bilayer Term Proteins Definition made of amino acids (polar) Term Integral Proteins Definition embedded in bilayer, channel and regulate Term Surface Proteins Definition outside or inside, closely attached to bilayer. transport substances that are too large to get through bilayer (glucose) Term Carbohydrates Definition bonding and recognition Term Function of cell membrane Definition separation, regulation, receptor sites Term Intracellular Cellular Fluid (ICF) Definition inside of cell. 80% of water in body Term Extracellular Cellular Fluid (ECF) Definition around cells. plasma (20%) and interstitial fluid (80%) makes up 20% of water in body Term Plasma Definition around cells of blood, 20% of ECF Term Interstitial Fluid Definition 70% of ECF, around cells of organs Term Characteristics of a Living Organism Definition growth, development, ability to separate itself from its external environment, makes a usable energy source (ATP), reproduce Term Diffusion Definition random thermal motion of a molecule. Equilibrium (probability of net movement in 0, probability determines direction of movement) Term Rate of Diffusion (Fick Equation) Definition D= d A (C2-C1)/ X. D= rate at which equilibrium is approached, d= diffusion coefficient determined by nature of molecule and temp, A= area available (large is good), (C2-C1)= concentration gradient, x= distance for diffusion Term Concentration Gradient Definition determined by thickness of lipid barrier Term Osmosis of water Definition diffusion through pores, opposite direction. concentration decided by amount of solid in a fluid Term Osmolarity Definition total number of polar molecules inside cell. normal is 300 m os. more water = lower os. less water= greater os. Term isotonic extracellular solution Definition equal osmolarity. controlled by negative feedback (drink water, urinate) Term hypertonic extracellular solution Definition solution has higher osmolarity, cells shrink Term hypotonic extracellular solution Definition solution with lower osmolarity, causes cells to swell and burst Term Active transport Definition works against concentration gradient, performs work with ATP Term Facilitated diffusion Definition attaches on both sides of membrane Term Pinocytosis Definition pinches off and creates vesicle. "cell drinking" changes shape Term Endocytosis Definition receptors, selective Term Phagosytosis Definition take bacteria or organism in that want to destroy. "cell eating" Term Exocytosis Definition opposite direction, packages protein in lipid layer, breaks up and secretes into extracellular fluid Term smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Definition lipid membrane that holds proteins. cannot see enzymes, fat synthesis Term rough endoplasmic reticulum Definition lipid membrane, holds proteins. has ribosomes, read messenger RNA Term Ribosomes Definition where mRNA is read Term Golgi Apparatus Definition makes packaging for exporting (exoctytosis) creates bilipid membrane Term Lysosomes Definition digestive enzymes to breakdown and reuse carbs, fats and proteins. attached to engulfed vesicle and diigest enzyme in phagosome Term mitochondria Definition lipid membrane with enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation and contains DNA Term filaments Definition strings of proteins Term Microtubule Definition holds things in place, transport system, change shape and allows cells to move Term cytoskeleton Definition holds things in place Term movement systems Definition change shape Term centrioles Definition attachment for genetic material to move Term cilia Definition projects from cell, increases surface area Term flagella Definition in sperm, allows cell to move Term Microfilaments Definition thinnest, individual myosin molecules Term myosin Definition molecules braided together to form filament Term intermediate filaments Definition in the middle Term actin Definition movement of skeletal muscle Term inclusion bodies Definition wrap up what cells wants to get rid of (waste product) Term nucleolus Definition surrounded by DNA, site of ribosomes Term function of the genome Definition protein synthesis (RNA) and reproduction (DNA) Term nucleotides or base pairs Definition 3 billion, molecules which hold structure of RNA and DNA Term genes Definition 30,000 code for structure of proteins Term chromatin Definition 46 in pairs (diploid). form for protein synthesis. unwound strings of genetic material. one set from mom and dad (allels) Term chromatid Definition 92 (duplicated chromatin) form in reproduction. Term chromosomes Definition condensed joined chromatid sisters. 46 in 23 pairs. autosomal and one sex chromosome. Term reproduction Definition interphase (synthesis of DNA), mitosis, cytokinesis, gamtogenesis, control of cell division Term interphase (synthesis of DNA) Definition 46 chromatin replicated to form 92 chromatid, centromere joins together identical chromatid to form 46 chromosomes Term Mitosis Definition division of chromosomes in nucleous which creates two nuclei. chentrioles (genetic info is transferred) attaches to spindles. chentromere attaches to spindles and division of 2 identical chromotid in each chromosome Term diploid Definition same kind of info, 2 alleles Term cytokinesis Definition division of cytoplasm (support) Term gamtogenesis Definition formation of haploid ovum and sperm, covered in reproduction Term external control of cell division Definition endocrine (causes cell to create protein and to divide) paracrine (chemical produced by adjacent cells, promotes or inhibits reproduction) Term Self control of cell division Definition surface area and volume increase signaling reproduction, proto oncogens (normal genes that make proteins which stimulate cell division), antitumor genes (limit division, produce proteins), telomeres (genetic programming) Term Telomeres Definition genetic programming for cell division, get shorter as you get older Term Transcription Definition introns and exons. synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA to make mRNA Term Translation Definition process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during transcription Term gene locus Definition codes for a particular protein, but may have different recipes Term genetype Definition what recipes have Term phenotype Definition how recipe is expressed Term cell differentiation or specialization Definition genetic info codes for proteins which determines structure and function, all cells in body (except ovum and sperm) have exactaly same genetic info Term control of cell differentiation Definition poorly understood, in embryo, gene expression and differentiation in part controlled by placement of cell in body Term differentiation and mitosis Definition 200 cell types because of differentiation. selected genes -> different proteins -> different cell types Term Cord Stem Cells Definition more plastic but not as plastic as embryonic. 90% committed to blood cells. Term Ligands Definition chemical which is a message from one cell to another, affects activity of a cell. Term Effects of ligand receptor interaction Definition effect of ligand determined by receptor, ligand acts as switch to increase or decrease a pre existing activity of the receptor cell Term dose dependent response Definition dose increases, response increases until saturation Term saturation Definition when all receptors are filled. cannot increase response anymore Term antagonist Definition occupies space, prevents ligand from interacting, doesn't turn switch on Term agonist Definition acts like ligand, more of response because have this and ligand Term down-regulation Definition doesn't produce as many receptors, changes saturation point. lowers it, decreases number of receptor sites Term up-regulation Definition increase number of receptor sites, increase saturation point Term Fixed cell membrane receptors Definition water soluble ligands. 3 steps: ligand interacts, 2nd messenger, changes rate of existing reaction Term how ligand receptor interaction causes change Definition open or close membrane pores, change intracellular C-AMP and C-GMP, increase intraceullar Calcium, timing of effect (work fast, short lived) Term Intracellular receptors Definition fat-soluble (hormones, steroids) moves through receptors in nucleus. take longer to work