Term
| Objective personality measures |
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Definition
A type of paper and pencil assessment that uses a restricted response format (MC & T/F) to assess personality
Each test measures different aspects of personality based on the specific constructs defined by the test developer |
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Term
| 3 more frequent reasons for using an objective personality measure |
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Definition
1) increase client insight
2) identify psychopathology
3) assist in tx planning |
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Term
| Advantages of Objective Personality Tests |
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Definition
Can be administered to either individuals or groups (economical)
Admin is simple/objective
Scoring is simple/objective
Interp of results requires less interp skill than projective tests
Apparent increased objectivity and reliability |
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Term
| History of MMPI-2/MMPI-A (not sure if we need to know this) |
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Definition
developed in late 1930s
- questions derived from previous scales, case reports, interviewing manuals and expertise
- normed for both a clinical and normal population - slight representation px in that only Minnesota residents
Need a reading level of 6-8th grade, 567 items (T/F)
Admin time about 90 minutes |
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Term
| Empirical criterion keying |
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Definition
An approach to test development that emphasizes the selection of items that discriminate b/t normal individuals and members of different diagnostic groups, regardless of whether the items appear theoretically relevant to the diagnoses of interest
You keep the items that are answered differently between clinical and normal groups |
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Term
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Definition
I love/loved my mother.
I read the newspaper every day.
I am sure I get a raw deal from life.
I hear things other people do not.
I am certainly lacking in self-confidence
I have difficulty in starting to do things.
I make my bed every day.
I cannot keep my mind on one thing. |
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Term
| Understanding results of MMPI |
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Definition
First check validity codes
10 clinical scales
clinical subscales
content scales
supplementary scales
T score 60-64 areas of interest,
T>65-70 clinical symptoms |
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Term
Validity scales on MMPI
L Scale |
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Definition
"lie scale"
developed to detect obvious attempts by patients to present themselves in a favorable lights.
People who score high on this scale deliberately try to present themselves in the most positive way possible, rejecting shortcomings or unfavorable characteristics
Well educated/higher social classes score lower on L scale
Devout Christians higher L scale |
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Term
Validity scales MMPI
F Scale |
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Definition
Used to detect faking good or faking bad.
if you score high are this, trying to appear better or worse than you actually are.
asks questions designed to determine if test-takers are contradicting themselves in their responses (e.g., I never have a bad day) |
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Term
Validity scales MMPI
K Scale |
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Definition
"Defensiveness scale"
more effective and less obvious way of detecting attempts to present oneself in best possible way
Higher education/SES score higher on K scale |
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Term
Validity scales MMPI
? Scale |
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Definition
"Cannot say scale"
the # of items left unanswered
Manual recommends if 30 or more unanswered declare the test invalid |
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Term
Validity scales MMPI
TRIN Scale |
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Definition
True Response Inconsistency Scale
detects patients who respond inconsistently.
Consists of 23 paired questions that are opposite of each other
- Overendorsing true or false statments |
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Term
Validity scales MMPI
VRIN Scale |
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Definition
Variable Response Inconsistency Scale
Another method to detect inconsistent responses
67 paired questions
I hate the way I look/I love the way I look |
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Term
Validity Scales MMPI
Fb Scale |
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Definition
40 items that less than 10% of normal respondents support.
High scores on this sometimes indicate respondent stopped pay attn and is answering randomly |
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Term
| Validity scales: General Guidelines |
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Definition
30+ ? items definitely invalid. 10+ great caution
L > 65, probably invalid
F,Fb > 100 Likely invalid
K > 70 Invalid
VRIN, TRIN > 80 Invalid |
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Term
| Deviant response sets: General (not sure if important?) |
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Definition
Random: F >100, Fb >100, VRIN >80
All True: F > 100, Fb > 100, TRIN > 80
All False: L > 65, F > 100, Fb > 100, TRIN >
80
Negative Impression: F > 100, K Low, VRIN & TRIN Acceptable;
Positive Impression: L > 65, K > 65, Low F
Defensiveness: K & L 10 points higher than F;
either F or K elevated |
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Term
| MMPI Clinical Scales table p. 5 |
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Definition
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Term
Clinical Scales: About each
Hypochondriasis (Hs)
Depression (D)
Hysteria (Hy) |
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Definition
Hs: Somatic concerns, unhappy demanding, self-centered, chronic, poor prognosis
D - symptomatic depression. Inadequacy, moody, guilt
Hy: Somatic complaints, conversion. Psychologically immature, manipulative. Uses denial repression. Low - conventional distrusting |
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Term
clinical scales 4-5
Psychopathic Deviate (Pd)
Masculinity-Femininity |
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Definition
Pd: rebelliousness, externalizes blame. Disrupted family relations. Low - conforming, passive.
Mf - originally homosexuality scale.
High males: more education, higher SES, tolerant, sensitive.
High females: reject traditional roles
Low males: aggressive, crude |
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Term
Clinical Scales 6-8
6: Paranoia (Pa)
7: Psychasthenia (Pt)
8: Schizophrenia (Sc) |
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Definition
Pa: Suspiciousness, rigid, paranoid, hostile.
Pt: Obsessive-compulsive, abnormal fears, anxiety, rigid , moralistic, perfectionistic
Sc: Misinterpretations of reality, delusions, constricted emotions.
Adolescents and college students: identity crisis African-American males: marginalization -> these groups score higher but not b/c schizophrenic |
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Term
clinical Scales 9-10
9: Hypomania (Ma)
10: Social Introversion (Si) |
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Definition
Ma: elevated mood, flight of ideas, impulsive, exaggerate self-worth.
Low - fatigue, withdrawn, depression.
Si: shy, withdrawn, socially reserved, over-controlled, timid.
Low - sociable and extroverted, superficial, manipulative |
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Term
Clinical scale interpretation
If elevated on left vs right side what does that mean?
Other profile types |
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Definition
Profile elevation: want 1-2 elevated profiles - this adds confidence.
Left - neurotic slope
Right elevated - more severe pathology
Coversion V - 1 & 3 elevated with 2 lower
Psychotic V - 6 & 8 elevated with 7 lower
Cry for help (2-7) |
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Term
| Configural Information: Code types |
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Definition
Use the highest 2 or 3 scales (NOT including 5 or 0)
If over 65, think more pathology, if under, think more "normal" expression of configuration
Highest scale determines code but all scales within 5 to 7 points are interchangeable |
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Term
| Critical Items List (Things to check) |
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Definition
Suicide:
◦ 75(F), 303(T), 506(T), 520(T), & 524(T)
Assault:
◦ 27(T), 37(T), 85(T), 134(T), 213(T), & 389(T) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Length of time - there is no way you can admin in 90 mins
2. Research: there are thousands of studies on MMPI -
3. Poor norms prior to revision - Sample size and composition
4. Administration issues - never give it in an uncontrolled setting
5. Excluding data - you have issues with invalid profiles and file drawer problems
6. Validity scales - the fact that we need a scale for random responding is problematic |
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Term
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Definition
7. Use of cut scores - disagreement 65/70.
8. its a one-time sample - you might be getting a good depressed day
9. Validation process - assume you have the correct diagnosis
10. Profile Analysis/Code system has issues with reliability
11. Diagnosis/Tx Utility - Designed to discriminate b/t normal and clinical population, not diagnose. - There is high correlation among scales - its difficult to differentiate b/t clinical groups and there is little research suggesting tx utility. |
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Term
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Definition
An MMPI-like, T/F inventory
175 items
Includes validity, clinical personality, and clinical syndrome scales
Based on Millon's personality theory
Tied to DSM-IV diagnoses (Axis 1 & II) |
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Term
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Definition
Personality patterns:
- 70-74 likely to possess traits of the construct
- BR 75-84 - clinically significant personality traits
- BR 85+ Personality disorder
Clinical Syndromes:
- 60-74 likely to possess some symptoms of the syndrome
- BR 75-84 presence of a syndrome
- BR 85+ prominence of syndrome |
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Term
| MCMI: Level of adjustment |
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Definition
Look at how many scales are elevated above 75
The higher the elevation, the more the dysfunction in general
-- Narcissistic, histrionic, compulsive scales can show strengths of pathology (modest levels are healthy) |
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Term
| MCMI: Steps in interpretation |
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Definition
1. Determine profile validity
2. Interpret the personality disorder scales
3. interpret clinical syndrome scales
4. review noteworthy responses
5. provide diagnostic impressions
6. write a personality description
7. Treatment implications and recommendations |
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Term
MCMI Interpretation: Step 1
Determine profile validity
Scales V & X |
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Definition
Scale V (Validity index)
- items 65, 110, 157 -> if 2 or more true responses, invalid profile. 1 true response is questionable validity
Scale X (Disclosure index)
- if raw score is below 34 - invalid and defensive underreporting
- if raw score is above 178 - invalid and exaggeration of symptoms |
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Term
MCMI Interpretation: Step 1
Determine profile validity
Scales Y & Z |
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Definition
Scale Y (Desirability index)
- Measure of defensive responding
- BR above 75 (not necessarily invalid) indicates presenting self in overly positive, moral, emotionally stable manner - faking good
- the higher the score, the more they are concealing
Scale Z (Debasement index)
- opposite of desirability index
- BR above 75 - self description is negative, pathological
- Above 85 - could be a cry for help |
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Term
MCMI Interp: Step 2
Interpret personality disorder scales |
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Definition
1. Check elevations on severe personality disorders
- primary focus for diagnosis
2. Check elevations on clinical personality scales
- clinical personality scales serve to color or elaborate on severe personality pattern elevations (unless extremely elevated compared with severe scales)
3. Guidelines - 75-84 = patterns/traits
85 + = disorder |
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Term
MCMI Severe personality pathology
Scale S (Schizotypal) |
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Definition
Like DSM-IV schizotypal PD
- cognitively dysfunctional
- interpersonally detached, prefers social isolation
- Appear self-absored and ruminative
- Eccentric bx
- Communication style is tangential, personal irrelevancies and magical associations
- Some are detached and emotionally bland, others more suspicious and apprehensive
- Prognosis is poor, may need meds |
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Term
MCMI Interp
Scale C (Borderline) |
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Definition
Unstable moods & bx
- can be self-destructive, self-mutilation
- Marked mood swings, intermittent periods of depression, generalized anxiety, and intense emotional attacks on others
....and interpersonal difficulties.
reacts strongly to fears of abandonment, idealizes & devalues others.
Poorly defined sense of self, feelings of emptiness.
Disorganized thoughts, may have psychotic episodes under stress. At risk for depression and suicide attempts |
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Term
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Definition
Suspiciousness and defensiveness with others
- Feelings of superiority, vigilant to criticism and deceit
- abrasive, touchy, hostile and irritable. externalizes blame
Describe self as misunderstood, righteous, suscpicious, mistreated and defensive.
Will attack and humiliate those they feel are trying to control or influence them.
May have delusions of grandeur, ideas of reference, intense fears of being persecuted (psychotic delusions may be present) |
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Term
MCMI Clinical personality patterns
Scale 1: Schizoid |
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Definition
Little or no interest in others
Detached, impersonal, withdrawn
Peripheral role in family, work, social situations. Lack of depth to pfeelings
Indifferent to praise or criticism
Communication is vague, distant, and unfocused. No distrubed by much, makes decisions easily, self-sufficient |
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Term
Clinical personality patterns
Scale 2A : Avoidant |
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Definition
Want to be involved and accepted by others. Vigilant to environment
Sense of unease, disquiet, anxiety, and overreaction to minor events
Preoccupied with intrusive, fearful, and disruptive thoughts
Perceive self as socially inept, inadequate. Feel alone & isolated.
Prone to social phobia and frequently depressed.
Sensitive to needs and perspectives of others, compassionate and emotionally responsive |
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Term
MCMI Clinical Personality patterns
Scale 2B : Depressive |
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Definition
Enduring pattern of thoughts, attitudes, bx and self-concepts related to depression
Feels worthless, inadequate, guilty, self-critical.
Helpless and immobile in solving life's problems.
Angry, resentful, pessimistic in relationships |
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Term
MCMI CLinical personality patterns
Scale 3 : Dependent |
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Definition
Feelings of being incapable and incompetent of functionoing independently
Inadequate, insecure, low self-esteem.
Submissive and cooperative in relationships. Agreeable minimizes px
Well-liked b/c of compliance, values opinion of others, defuses conflict, warm tender, loyal in friendships - sometimes to a fault |
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Term
MCMI Clinical personality patterns
Scale 4 : Histrionic |
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Definition
Dramatic, colorful, and emotional. Tolerance for boredom is low.
Describes self as active, egocentric, flight, extroverted, flirtatious
Charming, outgoing, attn seeking
Can be loud, demanding and uncontrollable, strong needs for dependency
Can be warm, emotionally responsive, adaptable, good social adjustment with low levels of distress |
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Term
MCMI CLinical personality patterns
Scale 5: Narcissistic |
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Definition
Exaggerated sense of self-importance and competence. Hypersensitive to criticism
Conventional rules of bx do not apply to them. Arrogant, snobbish.
Presents as intelligent, sophisticated, outgoing and charming. Lacking in empathy.
Potential for substance abuse and depression is high. Subset will be well adjusted without much emotional distress |
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Term
MCMI Clinical Personality patterns
Scale 6A : Antisocial |
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Definition
Duplicitous, illegal bx designed to exploit the environment for self-gain
Impulsive acting-out
Provactive, violent, dominant, self-centered
Avoids perceived abuse & victimization thru their bx
Ignores consequences of bx
Lack of empathy and remorse, mistrustful, guarded with others
Can be gracious, charming
Alcohol and drug dependence are common |
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Term
MCMI Clinical Personality patterns
Scale 6B : Aggressive-Sadistic |
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Definition
Gets pleasure by humiliating and violating others' rights, hostile and combative
Can be physically aggressive, authoritarian and socially intolerant
Sometimes enter socially-approved roles and disguise aggression (police officer)
Unaffected by pain and punishment, no shame, guilt, or sentimentality
Can cope effectively with many challenges - unflinching and daring |
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Term
MCMI Clinical Personality Patterns
Scale 7 : Compulsive |
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Definition
Coincides with DSM-IV Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (NOT OCD on Axis I)
Conformity, discipline, self-restraint. Adheres strictly to social norms
Conscientious, well-prepared, righteous and meticulous. Fears social disapproval.
Overt passivity and public compliance.
Approaches problems with maturity and competence. High achievers - rarely report psychiatric distress |
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Term
MCMI Clinical Personality Patterns
Scale 8A : Passive-Aggressive-Negativistic |
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Definition
Approximates DSM-III-R Passive-Aggressive personality disorder
Indirect expression of negative emotion, passive compliance combined with resentment and opposition
Guilty and conflicted over their feelings of resentment
Moody and unpredictable, chronic unhappiness. At best can be agreeable and friendly. |
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Term
MCMI Clinical Personality Patterns
Scale 8B : Self-defeating-masochistic |
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Definition
Like DSM III-R self-defeating-masochistic personality disorder
Place themselves in the victim role. Relate to others in a self-sacrificing manner
Feel they deserve to be shamed and humbled. Inferior, nonindulgent.
Unempathic and distrustful in relationships. Involved and connected with people.
Can have good insight into problems, level of distress can be high enough to be motivated for treatment |
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Term
| Step 3 MCMI - Interpret clinical syndrome scales |
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Definition
1. Interpret severe clinical syndrome scales - often several complementary scales will be elevated together
2. Interpret basic clinical syndrome scales
3. Guidelines:
- BR b/t 60-74 suggestive but not sufficient for pathology
- BR 75-84 = clinical syndrome
- BR 85+ = presence of pathological symptom |
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Term
| MCMI Scales: Clinical Syndromes |
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Definition
A Anxiety = Tense/unsettled/activated sympathetic nervous system ◦
H Somatoform = Healthcare abuse/generalized pain/attention seeking ◦
N Bipolar: Manic = Mood swings/grandiosity/delusions
D Dysthymia = Haplessness/anhedonia/sleep and eating problems
B Alcohol Dependence = Unsuccessful attempts/impacting daily life
T Drug Dependence = Impulsive/ narcissistic
R PTSD = Significant event/intrusive thoughts/reliving |
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Term
| MCMI Severe Clinical Scales: Severe Clinical Syndromes |
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Definition
SS Thought Disorder = Hallucinations/ blunted affect/ bizarre
CC Major Depression = Hopelessness/suicidal ideation/ pessimism
PP Delusional Disorder = Paranoia/grandiosity/irrational |
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Term
| MCMI Step 4: Review noteworthy responses |
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Definition
Similar to critical items of MMPI
Organized around topics of
- health preoccupation
- interpersonal alienation
- lack of emotional control
- self-destructive potential
- childhood abuse
- eating disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Relatively brief, easy to administer
Easy computer-scoring
Good reliability
Tied to DSM-IV diagnoses (including PD)
Use of base rates
Some research support |
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Term
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Definition
Difficult to score by hand
Descriptions and predictions are more theoretically than empirically based
Tied to Millon's personality theory
Should not be used as a lone measure for diagnosis |
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Term
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) |
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Definition
An objective personality test
Developed in 1996, 21 questions on a 0 to 3 scale of depressive symptoms
10 min administration
Cut-off scores as measure of depression
high reliability estimates (in .90s)
Convergent validity with original BDI and discriminate validity with other disorders.
Quick and easy screener
Can be used to monitor tx |
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Term
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Definition
Below 4 = possible denial of depression, faking good
05-09 = ups and downs are normal ("the blues")
10-18 = mild to moderate depression
19-29 = moderate to severe depression
30-63 = severe depression
*** Over 44 = severely depressed, possible exaggeration of symptoms |
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Term
| Projective Personality testing |
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Definition
Type of personality assmt where client is presented stimuli and personality factors are interpreted
Often used to identify psychopathology and assist in tx planning
Much more difficult to measure validity b/c dealing with abstract responses to vague stimuli
People will project their intrapsychic conflict onto ambiguous stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
Personality assmt
Assmt of thought disorder
Aides in "diagnosis" of lots of disorders (schizophrenia, schizotypal PD, depression, anxiety, PTSD, antisocial PD and more) |
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Term
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Definition
A popular parlor game "blotto"
there were 5 different interpretation symptoms for results. Exner did an empirical study to make the test more objective, and his interpretation system has become the most commonly used (first empirical one)
Response process thought to be = encoding of ambibuous stimulus -> LTM/percepts/introjects-> filter/editing -> response |
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Term
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Definition
Two phases : free association and inquiry phase
- record responses verbatim during both phases
Tester language:
"We are going to do the inkblot test" ...it will help me understand you better
Free Assoc Phase:
Card 1:
- "what might this be?" -> must give at least 2 responses ("Look some more, take your time, you will find something else")
- If card 1 responses > 6, only allow 6 responses for all subsequent cards
- If card 1 responses < 6, no limit on # of responses for subsequent cards
Inquiry phase
- "help me see it, just like you saw it"
- read response verbatim, then record what they say verbatim |
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Term
| Categories to code responses to Inkblots |
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Definition
1. Location
2. Developmental quality
3. Determinaants
4. Organizational activity
5. Form quality
6. content
7. popular
8. special scores |
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Term
| There are individual slides about each 8 categories. I think its too much. |
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Definition
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Term
| Special scores categories for Rorschach |
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Definition
Deviant verablization
Deviant response
Incongruous combination
Fabulized combination
Inappropriate logic
Perseveration
Confabulation |
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Term
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Definition
Obvious professional disagreement regarding utility (most research says no)
Exner seems a bit shady
Long time to learn - a year
Scoring/intrp time and need to corroborate
Some support to id schizophrenia/schizotypal/borderline
- doesnt differentiate b/t groups, lack of tx utility, other ways to figure this out
Can't fake it - no one knows right answers, some room for examiner bias on inquiry phase
Over-pathologizes |
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Term
| Thematic Appreception Test |
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Definition
Developed at Harvard Psych Clinic (Henry Murray)
31 TAT cards depicting people in a variety of ambiguous situations
Examinee asked to create a story about each picture
Scoring and interp is content analysis of themes that emerge from stories |
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Term
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Definition
Locus of px
Nature of needs
Quality of interpersonal relationships |
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Term
| TAT Psychometric Critique |
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Definition
Selection of cards is not standardized
Lack of norms
Clinicians rely on qualitative impressions
Just not very good |
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Term
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Definition
1938
Gestalt function - integrated, biologically determined, responds to stimuli as a whole
Measures visual motor integration skills from 4-85+ years
One of the most frequently used instruments in psych assmt |
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Term
| Bender-Gestalt II Description |
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Definition
Admin is two phases:
- Copy phase: examinee shown cards with designs and asked to copy each design
- Recall phase: asked to redraw designs from memory
Motor & perception suppl. tests screen for specific motor and perceptual abilities/difficulties |
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Term
| Bender-Gestalt II Observation Form |
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Definition
Examinee Information—Name, gender, hand preference
Physical Observations—Sensory impairments or movement
restrictions
Test-Taking Observations—Carelessness, indifference,
inattentiveness, unusual or unique behaviors
Copy Observations—Examinee’s approach, drawing process
Recall—Amount of time needed to recall designs and the
order in which designs are recalled
Summary—Overview of information collected |
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Term
| Bender-Gestalt II Motor and perception test |
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Definition
Motor: draw a line b/t dots in each figure without touching borders
Perception: Circle or point to design in each row that best matches the design in box |
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Term
Bender-Gestalt II Scoring system
Means & SD |
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Definition
evaluates each design 0-4 on degree of resemblance
for suppl tests give a 0 or 1 for correct or incorrect
M = 100, SD = 15
Standard score can range from 40 to 160 (higher better) |
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Term
| Bender-Gestalt II Test Behavior observations and interpretation |
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Definition
Information gained through observation of
test-taking behaviors is crucial
Global Scoring System – integrated (age,
education, ethnicity, IQ, test performance,
and behaviors)
Indicators of potential behavioral or
learning difficulties: length of task, tracing
with finger before drawing, “anchoring,”
frequent erasures, motor incoordination |
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Term
| Bender-Gestalt II Clinical and special populations |
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Definition
Aides in the diagnosis
- mental retardation
- ADHD
- LD
- Autism
- Alzheimer's
- Gifted
- Emotionally disturbed |
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Term
| What are the scales on the MMPI? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 10 Clinical Scales of MMPI?
What is the meaning of a high score on each? |
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Definition
1. Hypochondriasis (Hs) - concern about health
2. Depression (D) - depression
3. Hysteria (Hy) - somatic complaints, denial of psych problems
4. Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) - antisocial behavior
5. Masculinity-Femininity (Mf) - nonstandard gender interests
6. Paranoia (Pa) - suspiciousness
7. Psychasthenia (Pt) - anxiety
8. Schizophrenia (Sc) - disturbed thought
9. Hypomania (Ma) - manic mood
10. Social Introversion (Si) - shy, socially inept |
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Term
severe personality pathology scales on MCMI
and Clinical Personality Patterns |
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Definition
S = Schizotypal
C = Borderline
P = Paranoid
Clinical Personality Patterns
1 = Schizoid
2A = Avoidant
2B = Depressive
3 = Dependent
4 = Histrionic
5 = Narcissitic
6A = Antisocial
6B = Aggressive/Sadistic
7 = Compulsive
8A = Passive-Aggressive-Negativistic
8B = Self-Defeating-Masochistic |
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Term
Severe clinical syndromes on MCMI
Clinical syndromes on MCMI |
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Definition
Severe clinical syndromes
- SS Thought disorder
- CC Major depression
- PP Delusional disorder
Clinical syndromes
- Anxiety
- Somatoform
- Bipolar: Manic
- Dysthymia
- Alcohol dependence
- Drug dependence
- PTSD |
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