60% high fructose content made by the seminal vesicles

30% milky fluid made by the prostate gland

5% fluid

infertility evaluation

vasectomy effectivenesss

semen quality for donations and forensics

a physical and chemical examinaton

a microscopic examination

occasionally microbial examination

specimen should be collected in a private room in or near lab

if thats not possible should be delievered to the lab within 1 hr of collection and kept a body temperature during transport

color and clarity

liquefaction

volume

viscosity

pH

other chemical values as indicated

Acid phophatase confirms evidence of semen for rape cases

chemical examination:

pH evaluated

normal pH range: 7.2 to 8.0

High pH: infection of the reproductive tract

low pH: increased prostate fluid

chemical examination:

fructose levels

obstruction of ejaculatory ducts

abnormalities of seminal vesicles

sperm motility

sperm morphology

sperm number (concentration)

aggulation

forward progressive movement

critical for fertility

% of spermatozoa moving with normal, progressive motility

% of spematozoa with significant immobilizing motion (fast or slow in place motion without forward progression)

sperm motility often graded on scale 0-4

4- rapid, straight-line motility

3- slower speed, some lateral movement

2- slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement

1- no forward progression

0- no movement

Normal sperm motility: >50% with a rating of 2 after 1 hour

measurement of the percentage of sper that have a normal size and shape

evaluated by examining both spermatozoa tail and head

all semen specimens will have abnormal spermatozoa

normal seminal fluid: <50%

high numbers of abnormal spermatozoa is an indicarion of infertility

20- 160 million spermatozoa per milliliter

sperms are counted using the neubauer counting chamber

head to head

head to tail

tail to tail

supplies nutrients to the nervous system tissue

removes metabolic waste

 produces mechanica barrier to cushion the brain and spinal cord against trama

meningitis

brain abscesses

bleeding in brain or spinal cavity

other disorders

specimen collected by physician through spinal tap

tube 1: serological and chemical tests

tube 2: microbology  tests

tube 3: hematology tests

tube 4: microbology tests

t

STAT procedure

40% of wbcs disintergrate after 2 hrs

rbcs begin to lyse within 1 hr

transport within 30 minutes

process immediately upon arrival

serological and chemical tests: frozen if not performed STAT

microbology tests: room temperature

hematology tests: refrigerated

normal csf: colorless, clear, water-like viscosity

abnormal color and clarity can indicate a medical emergency

red or pink: traumatic tap or intracranial pressure

green: grossly purulent csf ( bacterial growth in csf)

xanthochromia: rbc degradation products, elevated serum bilirubin level, carotene, melanoma, immature liver funtion commmonly seen in premature infants

blood evenly distributed in 3 tubes

remains the same color after centrifugation

heaviest concentration in tube 1

 diminishing amounts in tubes 2 and 3

colorless after centrifugation

cause- possible indication

high numbers of leukocytes- meningitis

rbcs- traumatic tap

presence of microorganisms- meningitis

increased protein level- disorder that affects blood- brain barrier

rare

oily, flat globulins

abnormal

caused by: often traumatic tap

dseases whcih damage the blood brain barrier

tubercular meningitis: web- like film develops after overnight refrigeration of csf fluid

wbc count: adults: 0-5 wbcs/ul

neonates: 0-30 wbcs/ul

rbc count:0 rbcs/ul

slightly hazy: 1:10 dilution

hazy: 1:20 dilution

finding- significance

rbcs- traumatic tap or intracranial bleeding

lymphocytes- viral, tubercular or fungal meningitis

neutrophils: bacterial meningitis

monocytes: viral, tubercular, or fungal meningitis

esoinophils: parasitic infections

macrophages: multiple sclerosis, rbcs in spinal fluid

blasts cells: acute leukemia

pleural cavity: lungs

pericardial cavity: heart

peritoneal cavity: abdomen

thoracentesis: pleural cavity

pericardiocentesis: pericardical

paracentesis: peritoneal

effusion classifications:

transudates

form because of a systemic disorder that disrupts the balance in the regulation of fluid filtration and reabsoprtion

indicative of chf and nephrotic syndrome

effusion classifications:

exudates

produced by conditions that directly involve the membranes of the particular cavity

indicative of infections and malgnancies