Term
what are topical drug delivery?
examples? |
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Definition
they are dermatologic products applied to the skin. Externally used.
ointment, creams, and gels |
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Term
| Types of derm products applied to the skin |
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Definition
-nonmedication(cosmetics)- protective, moisturizing emollient (soften or soothe the surface of the skin)
-medicated (treatment of skin conditions): bacterial, fungal, viral infections, corn, warts, and contact dermatitis (eczema) |
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Term
| What are advantages of topical drug delivery? |
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Definition
high drug concentrations at site of application
low risk of systemic side effects
non-evasive, east to use |
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Term
| What are disadvantages of topical DD? |
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Definition
-contact time for drug is limited
-patients find ointments and creams are messy to use
-a small amount of drug can be absorbed systematically
-formulations can cause skin irritation
-a specialized packaging system is needed to measure and apply and exact dose |
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Term
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Definition
A. Stratum corneum
-hyper-proliferative thickening, extremely dried out (brittle)
B.viable epidermis
-cell damage and inflammation
c. dermal-epidermal interface
-overgrowth of basement membrane
D.dermis
-abnormal growth of fibroblasts
E. appendages
-hair follicle- hyperactivity
-sebaceous glands- occulsion
-eccrine sweat gland- inflammation
f. other
-fungal infection |
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Term
what are antipruritics?
examples? |
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Definition
relieve itching of skin
menthol, phenol, camphor, coal tar, calamine, antihistamines |
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Term
what are keratolytics?
examples? |
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Definition
remove or soften the thickened or scaly stratum corneum
ex; 4-10% salicylic acid |
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Term
| what are antieczematous agents? examples? |
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Definition
assist in removal and treatment of oozing and vesicular excretions
ex- boric acid solution, 2-5% coal tar solution various antiseptics |
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Term
What are antiparasitics?
examples? |
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Definition
destroy or inhibit living infestations
ex- 10-30% benzoate, sulfur |
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Term
what are antiseptics and antibiotics?
examples? |
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Definition
basteriostatic, bactericidal, fungistatic, fungicidal
ex- 1-5% iodine, chloramphenical, neomycin |
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Term
what are Antiseborrheics?
examples? |
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Definition
reduce discharge from sebaceous glands and remove symptoms
ex- antipruritics, resorcinol |
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Term
what are emollients?
examples? |
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Definition
Soften or sooth the surface of the skin
ex-cold cream |
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Term
what are protectives?
examples? |
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Definition
protect the skin from moisture loss and chemicals
ex- petrolatum, zinc oxide, silicones |
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Term
| What are types of vehicles? |
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Definition
semisolids-- formulation that retain their shape until acted upon by an outside force
lotions-liquid suspension
ointments-thick, somewhat occlusive
creams- viscous, liquid or emulsion
gels-viscous, clear
pastes-thick, stiff, adhere to skin |
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Term
examples of each
oil-in-water
water-in-oil
anhydrous absorption
hydrocarbon |
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Definition
oil-in-water- hydrophilic ointment
water-in-oil- eucerin
anhydrous absorption- aquaphor
hydrocarbon- white petrolatum |
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Term
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Definition
| a translucent appearance, thick, somewhat occlusive, greasy, excellent for emollent efects |
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Term
| what are bases of ointment? |
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Definition
hydrocarbon (petrolatum, beeswax)- c16-c30+c30-c50
vegetable oils (do not allow inclusion of water)
fatty alcohols (allow inclusion of limited amount of water)
water-soluble base (polyethylene glycol) non-greasy, poor occlusive |
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Term
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Definition
Emulsions of oleanginous substances and water
they spread more easily over skin than ointments
moist, weeping lesions, oozing wounds |
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Term
What are characteristics of w/o type creams?
what are they incompatible with? |
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Definition
not water washable, absorb limited amounts of water (cold cream, emollient cream)
imcompatible with agents that alter na+ soaps (heavy metal acids) |
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Term
| What are characteristics of o/w type creams? |
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Definition
| Water washable, absorb some water (shaving cream, hand cream) they contain surfactants. |
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Term
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Definition
Three dimensional networks of inorganic molecules (aluminum hydroxide) and large organic molecules (carbomer) in a liquid (thixotropic)
drug is dispersed or dissolved in water or a water/ethanol mixture in the gel |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| is the rate of drug release faster or slower in gels? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are examples of gels? |
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Definition
| sunscreen gels, gels for antifungal and anti-inflammatory |
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Term
| what are pastes and how are they different than ointments? |
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Definition
a larger proportion of solid material than ointment
less greasy than ointment (use less amount of base) zinc oxide paste
pastes are stiffer than ointments |
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Term
| are pastes water washable? |
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Definition
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Term
What is an advantage of pastes?
What is a disadvantage? |
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Definition
advan- good for absorption of secreions (starch)
Disadvan- not good for application to hair areas because of stiffness |
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Term
| which products receive the vehicle effects of hydrophobic products (directly affect skin) ? |
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Definition
-enhanced percutaneous drug absorption due to opening up of intra-and inter- cellular channels by hydration of the stratum corneum and increase dissolution of the drug
-ointments containing large amount of oleaginous substances
-creams(w/o types) good emollient property |
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Term
| which products receive the vehicle effects of relatively hydrophilic products (increase drug solubility and diffusion from a vehicle) |
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Definition
| -gels, cream (o/w types), ointments |
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Term
| When are greasy products preferred? |
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Definition
| preferred for dry/chapped skin |
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Term
| What is a disadvantage of greasy products? (oint and w/o creams) |
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Definition
| difficult to wash off and may stain clothing |
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Term
| What is the advantage of greasy products? |
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Definition
| good for the drug that is desired to penetrate into deeper skin layers due to the hydration effect |
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Term
| Whats an advantage of creams compared to other topicals? |
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Definition
| excellent emollient effect and better spread ability (normal skin, humid conditions) |
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Term
| what are advantages of gels compared to other topicals? |
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Definition
-providing faster drug release, compared with ointments and creams
-useful for immediate local effect |
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Term
| what is a disadvantage of lotions and creams? |
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Definition
| relatively unstable to heat and temperature |
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Term
Disadvantage or Advantage
Ointment Bases: Hydrocarbon (oleaginous)
will not absorb water
emollient
occlusive
greasy
inexpensive, nonreactive, nonirritating
insoluble in water
not water-washable
anhydrous |
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Definition
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Term
Disadvantage or Advantage
Ointment Bases: Anhydrous absorption
will not absorb water
emollient
occlusive
greasy
may be sensitizing or sticky
May have compatibility problems
insoluble in water
not water-washable
anhydrous |
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Definition
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Term
Disadvantage or Advantage
Ointment Bases: Water-in-oil emulsion absorption
will not absorb water(limited)
emollient
occlusive
greasy
may be sensitizing or sticky
May have compatibility problems
may have stability or microbial problems
insoluble in water
not water-washable
contains water |
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Definition
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Term
Disadvantage or Advantage
Ointment Bases: water-removable (oil-in-water emulsion)
can absorb water
less-emollient
non-occlusive
greasy
non-greasy
May have compatibility problems
May have stability or microbial problems
May "dry out"
insoluble in water
water-washable
contains water |
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Definition
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