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| Son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad; married the prophet's daughter Fatima; first imam of the Iranian Shiites; fourth caliph in the Sunni tradition. |
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| Arabic name of God; means "the God." (Allahu Akbar means Greater is God) |
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| A verse of the Quran; a chapter is sura |
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| a religious leader among the Shiites who is given high authority |
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| the general Islamic invocation to God: "In the name of the merciful Lord of mercy," which prefaces every chapter (sura) of the Quran except sura 9 |
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| "House of War"; the areas of the world that are still ignorant and disobedient and unsubdued by Islam |
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| "House of Islam"; the geographical realm of the world in which Islam is in full devotional, political, and legal actuality. In Islamic constitutional law, the world is divided into Dar al-Harb (territory not nder the rule of Islam) and Dar al-Islam (territory under the rule of Islam; Dar al-Harb should be brought under Islam either by surrender or warefare. |
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| "Call"; missionary; organization for the missionary activity of Islam. |
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| nonritual prayer as distinct from salat, which is formal prayer |
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| daughter of the prophet Muhammad; wife of Ali the first Imam |
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| the angel through whom Allah revealed the Quran to Muhammad |
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| "tradition"; reports of the words, actions and attitudes of the prophet Muhammad, constituting a body of literature second only to the Quran in authority for Muslims. |
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| Pilgrimage to Mecca and its environs; one of the pillars (required practices in the Quran) for Muslims. |
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| Hegira; the flight or emigration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622; the Islamic lunar calendar begins with this date as A.H. 1 (After the Hegira) |
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| Son of Ali; grandson of prophet Muhammad; third Imam of the Shiites; Iranian Shiites revere him with the narrative and drama of his death. |
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| The feast and celebration of ending the fasting month of Ramadan which is required of Muslims and is one of the pillars of Islam. |
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| The feast and celebration of ending the fasting month of Ramadan which is required of Muslims and is one of the pillars of Islam. |
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| the feast that celebrates the conclusion of the pilgrimage to Mecca; a lamb or other animal is sacrificed by the pilgrims in Mecca as well as by Muslims worldwide. |
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| A general term among all Muslims for leader of the congregational prayer in the mosque; also among Sunni Muslims, it is the Caliph; among Shiite Muslims, it is one of the escendants of Ali recognized by Allah as supreme ruler of the world |
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| "Gospel"; revelation or book given by Allah to Jesus (Isa); Muslims believe that since Jesus the Gospel has been corrupted in its present form in the Bible. |
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| the faith, obedience, and practice of peoples who follow the teachings of the Quran and the tradition of prophet Muhammad; the final, perfect religion of Allah; "submission to Allah" |
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| the concept of extraordinary efort in the belief and practice of Islam; often understood as a militancy in defending and/or extending the interests of Islam. |
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| invisible spirits referred to in the Quran |
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| "Cube"; the central sanctuary in the great house of pilgrimage in Mecca made of grey stone and covered by a black curtain; pilgrims circumambulate it in the pilgrimage rituals; Muslims are required all over the world to face Mecca and the kaba for their daily prayers |
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| a wealthy widow who became the first wife of prophet Muhammad; great encourager and first follower in establishment of Islam |
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| "1/5"; a religious tax; 1/5 of actual income paid to religious authorities. |
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| a school designated for Islamic studies; generally associated with a mosque. |
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| "The divinely guided One"; often associated with the Twelfth and Hidden Imam of the Iranian Shiites. |
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| "Place of prostration"; a mosque, the building in which Muslims pray and gather for religious and social occasions; its major features are the minaret, the mihrab, and the mimbar |
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| the holy city of Islam; birthplace of prophet Muhammad; Muslims face Mecca in daily prayers; the city of the required pilgrimage. |
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| the second holy city of Islam; Muhammad fled to the city in 622; the city in which the Muslim religion and community (umma) was established; place of tomb of Muhammad |
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| prophet of Islam (570-632); born in Mecca; buried in Medina. |
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| one who believes in, belongs to, and performs Islam; "one who submits" |
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| the holy bok of Islam; the revelation of Allah through angel Gabriel to prophet Muhammad; 114 chapters (suras); "recitation." |
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| the ninth month of the Muslim calendar; the month of obligatory fasting as required in the Quran; the 27th of Ramadan concludes the fast |
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| messenger; apostle; title of Muhammad |
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| peace; the greeting Muslims exchange with one another |
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| ritual prayer performed five times daily; one of the required pillars of Islam in the Quran; different from doa prayer, which is voluntary and informal. Salat al Fajr (dawn prayer); Salat al Zuhr (midday prayer); Salat al Asr (afternoon prayer); Salat al Maghrib (evening prayer after sunset); Salat al Isha (late evening prayer) |
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| witness or confession; the fist required pillar of Islam; "there is no god but God and Muhammad is the messenger of God." |
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| sacred and canon law based on the Quran (God's revelation), Hadith (sayings and traditions of prophet Muhammad), Ijma (concensus decision by the Muslim authorities), and Qiyas (reasoning by analogy); the path of duty both ritual and general behavior for Muslims. |
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| "Partisan"; follower of the branch of Islam that acepts Ali as the legitimate successor to Muhammad; believe the descendants of Muhammad should rule the Islamic community; Iran is the primary Shiite Muslim state |
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| "association"; the act (sin) of regarding anything as equal with Allah; idolatry, polytheism, or attributin divinity to anyone; Muslims view Christianity as idolatrous for equating Jesus (as Son of God and member of the Trinity) with God |
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| a muslim mystic; sufism is Islamic mysticism. It seeks direct experience with God; it has leaders called Sheikhs and communities called brotherhoods. |
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| the path of tradition or orthodoxy followed by Muslims |
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| term which means those who follow tradition of reliance on the Quran and the Hadith and are called Sunnis; approved leader to follow prophet Muhammad by consensus rather than the Shiite idea of family successorship |
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| a chapter of the Quran; the Quran has 114 suras |
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| scholars of Islamic theology of law; singular is Alim |
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| the community of Islam; the solidarity of faith and prayer; the political incorporation of the Islamic religion. |
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| almsgiving; a required pillar of Islam in the Quran |
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