Term
| Need for achievement (nAch) |
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Definition
| • Seeking goals that have not happened yet |
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Term
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Definition
o Oriented toward challenges
o High standard of performance
o Attempt to overcome obstacles (opportunity to prove self)
o Excelling and surpassing others |
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Term
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Definition
| Achievement and Decision Theory |
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Term
| Achievement and Decision Theory |
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Definition
| • nAchers believe success has a positive utility (pride in achievement) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| o Clicker: ppl who are high in nAch frame the expected utility of behavior as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Others don’t think of success has a positive utility |
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Definition
| o Referred to as “Fear of Failure” (fFer) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Motivated to minimize the shame associated with failure |
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Term
| o Shame of failure is minimized when |
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Definition
fFers behavior opposite of nAchers:
• Avoid intermediate tasks
• Seek out either easy or difficult tasks |
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Term
| • Seek out either easy or difficult tasks |
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Definition
Easy tasks minimize shame of failure bc you’re less likely to fail.
Difficult tasks- so if you do fail, you have an excuse.
• Try to frame bad news |
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Term
• nAchers
o attribute success to |
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Definition
| internal factors: their own ability, own effort- or both |
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Term
| • Intermediate tasks provide |
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Definition
| best chance of confirming attributions about self/ability |
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Term
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Definition
| choosing a task you’re sure you’ll do well on, then you do well on it. |
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Term
| • Failure is evaluated in a manner that |
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Definition
maintains cognitive coherence
o Did not try hard enough (“lack of effort”)
o Predicts a “try harder” approach next time |
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Term
| • Clicker: ppl who rate high in need for achievement make attributions about success and failure that: |
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Definition
| help to maintain cognitive coherence. |
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Term
• fFers
o Attribute failure to |
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Definition
internal factors
• “lack of ability” so effort doesn’t matter
o Don’t welcome opportunities to succeed (ie intermediate tasks)
• Success threatens coherent self-schema
• Confirmation bias |
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Term
| • Children who are praised for their intelligence seem to adopt |
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Definition
a fear of failure mindset
o Give up more easily if goal is not met
o Alternative is to praise the effort, teaches them that they can control effort, work harder you can do it.
Helplessness |
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Term
• Learned Helplessness (LH)
o Classic Study
• 2 group of dogs |
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Definition
G1: exposed to inescapable shock
G2: control, they could escape the shock |
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Term
LH dog study: Then trained in shuttle box task
G1 |
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Definition
Found G1 showed a learning deficit relative to control (hard time learning that you can escape)
Researchers called this LH: learned they can’t change their situations |
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Term
| interpretation of shocking dogs study |
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Definition
you can teach a dog that they can’t help themselves
LH is a belief in one’s inability to control the situation |
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Term
| o LH: cognitive deficit w/ 2 characteristics |
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Definition
• Lack of initiative
• Emotional disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
to depression: some depression is a result of learning
• Some depression is a result of learning
• 1st experience is crucial
• experience controlled shock prior to inescapable shock, no LH |
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Term
| depressed ppeople attribution |
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Definition
• Attribition of personal helplessness
Impacts self-esteem
• More accurate about probability of events
• Make internal attributions about negative events
• Use cognitive conservatism to maintain coherence |
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Term
| • Clicker: what would you expect to observe if a depressed pt in therapy stopped makin an attribution of personal helplessness. |
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Definition
| B they would be less depressed |
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Term
| • Clicker: Maslow used which of the following to techniques to study self-actualization? |
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Definition
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Term
Maslow’s Theory
• Assumptions |
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Definition
| o Certain instinctive need necessary for psychological health |
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Term
| maslow distinguished needs as: |
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Definition
o Motivation (reduce tension) (D-needs)
o Meta-motivation (growth tendencies) (B-needs) |
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Term
| • Needs are arranged hierarchically |
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Definition
o Become more complex as they ascend
o Must be satisfied in order (series of negative feedback loops)
o Pathology occurs if a particular set of D-needs is not met for extended period of time
• Chronically hungry, deprived of social-> become unstable |
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Term
| Maslows hierarchy of needs: |
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Definition
o Bottom: physiological needs/ food water *
o Next: safety needs*
o Social/belongingness needs*
o Esteem needs* *stars are deprivation motivations
o Self actualization -> growth motivation |
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Term
| the only growth motivation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
o Based on case studies of historical famous ppl alive and dead
o Multiple data sources
o Characteristics can be grouped into four “dimensions” |
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Term
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Definition
o Necessity to “order” of fulfillment
• Have to have food, before you feel safe,
• Ex: ppl who go out to travel to find themselves doesn’t support this model
o Subjective and biased criteria: based on case studies and Maslow’s thoughts
o No baseline measure of peak experiences/ self actualization |
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Term
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Definition
| Revised Hierarchy of Needs |
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Term
| Revised Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
• Different needs controlled by different motivation system
• Evolutionary perspective |
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Term
| Revised Hierarchy of Needs circular model |
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Definition
o Most inside: parenting –pinnacle of life
o Mate retention
o Mate acquisition
o Status/esteem
o Affiliation
o Personal safety/protection
o Physiological needs – most outside, needs to be first motivation |
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