Term
| Impaired development of posterior fossa manifesting as headaches & ataxia in adulthood |
|
Definition
Arnold Chiari type 1 (may be totally asymptomatic
(AC2 is manifest in infancy & is always associated w/ meningomyelocele) |
|
|
Term
| How do you kill picornaviruses? |
|
Definition
boil for 1 minute
(note: 20% diethyl ether is used to inactivate encapsulated viruses) |
|
|
Term
| this may develop & acutely exacerbate left heart failure (manifest as pulmonary edema & hypotension) in a patient w/ aortic stenosis |
|
Definition
Atrial fibrillation:
- They are at risk to begin with
- The atrial kick is needed to maintain output to a hypertrophied, non-compliant heart
- loss of kick = decreased preload & increased pulmonary wedge pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment of acute manic episode? |
|
Definition
| mood stabilizing agent (valproate, carbamazepine, lithium) plus an atypical antipsychotic (e.g. olanzapine) |
|
|
Term
| What damages muscle in polymyositis? |
|
Definition
| CD8+ mediated skeletal muscle damage |
|
|
Term
| what is the point of matching in case-control studies (e.g. use neighbor of person who is affected by disease as a control) |
|
Definition
this eliminates confounding variables (e.g. socioeconomic status, smoking) from the analysis
this, however, may introduce selection bias (controls are not representative of population as whole) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (a) Pudendal nerve, (b) inferior cluneal nerve, (c) obturator nerve, and (d) genitofemoral and ilioinguinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| location of peptostretococci & fusobacteria |
|
Definition
| oropharynx (if aspirated, can cause lung abscesses) |
|
|
Term
| What's the major effector cell in contact dermatitis (e.g. poison oak)? |
|
Definition
| CD8+ T-cells (haptenization --> langerhan's cells migrate to lymph --> activate CD4+ cells --> activate CD8+ cells --> migrate back to skin) |
|
|
Term
| what direction does kinesin travel? dynein? |
|
Definition
Kinesin: fast anterograde transport (200-400mm/day)
Dynein: fast retrograde transport (100-200mm/day) |
|
|
Term
All of these things cause what?
- renovascular HTN (e.g. fibromuscular dysplasia, renal artery atherosclerosis)
- diuretic use
- malignant HTN
- renin-secreting tumors |
|
Definition
| secondary hyperaldosteronism (high renin & aldosterone) |
|
|
Term
| What part of the breath is pulmonary vascular resistance the lowest? |
|
Definition
| functional residual capacity (i.e. the resting state of lung before you take a normal breath) |
|
|
Term
| flushing, pruritis, increased gastric acid secretion, syncope (hypotension), tachycardia, and bronchospasm triggered by certain foods, temperature changes, alcohol, drugs (e.g. morphene, codeine, aspirin) |
|
Definition
| systemic mastocytosis (too many mast cells in tissues |
|
|
Term
act directly on PPAR-gamma
name some actions of PPAR-gamma |
|
Definition
- thiazolidinediones --> SE include fluid retention, and thus, they are contraindicated in CHF
- increases adiponectin (adiponectin acts to increase fatty acid oxidation in liver & muscle --> decrease FFA-mediated insulin resistance)
- increases fatty-acid transport protein: deposition of FFA deposition in adipocytes instead of liver/muscle (thus increase insulin sensitivity in the latter 2 tissues)
- increase insulin receptor
- increase GLUT-4 transporter |
|
|
Term
| add to chloroquine to prevent relapse w/ P.vivax & P.ovale |
|
Definition
| primaquine (eliminate hypnozoites in liver) |
|
|
Term
| cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency |
|
Definition
classic homocystinuria
(ectopic lense, mental retardatino, marfanoid habitus, osteoporosis, & vascular problems) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple phenotypic manifestations result from a single genetic mutation |
|
|
Term
| pathophysiology of hereditary angioedema |
|
Definition
| C1 inhibitor deficiency --> inappropriate activation of complement system --> activation of kininogen system --> accumulation of bradykinin --> edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
renal (2/3 excreted unaltered)
p450 inducers will increase elimination, b.c. it increases hepatic metabolism. Although the majority of DIG is renally excreted, things like rifampin & phenytoin can increase the clearance
NOTE: digoxin has a wide volume of distribution (& thus long 1/2 life). The primary tissue storage site is the skeletal muscle, not adipose |
|
|
Term
| DOC for preventing mother-fetus HIV transmission |
|
Definition
| zidovudine (ZDV, an NRTI) |
|
|
Term
acrolein is secreted, causing damage to the bladder with the use of this drug.
What is the treatment for this damage? |
|
Definition
- cyclophosphamide
- mesna (sulfhydryl compound that binds acrolein in urine) |
|
|
Term
| this cholesterol-lowering drug will increase triglycerides |
|
Definition
bile-acid binding resins (cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam)
THINK: liver needs to synthesize more cholesterol, so it'll increase triglyceride synthesis. (I couldn't find it, but adipose probably mobilizes its TG too) |
|
|
Term
| 2 amino acids needed for collagen? which one is most abundant? |
|
Definition
glycine & proline (-Gly-X-Y-)333
glycine (proline is essential for the protein as a whole, but not essential for each triple repeat where glycine is) |
|
|
Term
| subluxation of radius may damage which nerve derived from brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
deep branch of radial nerve --> supplies extensor compartment of forearm (no sensory innervation); thus, you get wrist drop w/ no sensory deficits
the radial nerve branches at 2 points: the spiral groove of the humerus --> branches to posterior cutaneous nerve of forarm (sensory) & continues as radial nerve (motor) crossing into anterior compartment (lateral aspect) ;;;; branches near lateral epicondyle (where humerus articulates w/ radial head |
|
|
Term
| Tumors w/ Call-Exner bodies (small follicle-like structures filled w/ eosinophilic secretions) & precocious puberty/abnormal uterine bleeding/endometrial hypertrophy |
|
Definition
granulosa cell tumors (secrete estrogen)
Call-Exner bodies are the tumor mass trying to do what normal ovarian stroma does = make space for the ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flat-topped violaceous papules present over the joints of the fingers. along w/ heliotrope rash, these are cutaneous manifestation of dermatomyositis |
|
|
Term
systemic vasculitis consisting of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation w/ eosinophils & involving many organs (esp lung & heart)
adult-onset asthma, eosinophilia, mono- or polyneuropathy, migratory pulmonary infiltrates, paranasal sinus abnormalities, & p-ANCA positivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mechanism of resistance to:
- aminoglycosides
- fluoroquinolones
- tetracyclines |
|
Definition
- plasma-mediated group transferases (acetyl, adenyl, phosphate)
- mutations in topoisomerase
- mutation in ribosome or efflux pumps |
|
|
Term
| etiologies of minimal change disease? |
|
Definition
- upper respiratory infections
- immunizations
- hypersensitivities (e.g. bee sting)
- Hodgkin lymphoma
- drugs (gold, lithium) |
|
|
Term
| etiologies of minimal change disease? |
|
Definition
- upper respiratory infections
- immunizations
- hypersensitivities (e.g. bee sting)
- Hodgkin lymphoma
- drugs (gold, lithium) |
|
|
Term
inheritance of:
- G6PD deficiency (remember Heinz bodies)
- Hereditary spherocytosis |
|
Definition
- X-linked recessive
- AD (75% of cases; others are compound heterozygous) |
|
|
