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| the theoretical network of construct-to-construct associations derived from relevant theory and stated at an abstract level |
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| a function of the construct we attempt to measure |
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| reflects influences from other constructs besides the desired one |
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| reflects nonsystematic, ever-changing influences on the score |
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| multitrait-multimethod matrix |
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| table of correlation coefficients that enables us to simutaneously evaluate the convergent and discriminate validity of a construct |
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| correlations between scores that reflect the same trait and method |
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| convergent validity coefficient |
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| correlation between scores that reflect the same trait measured by different measures |
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| discriminant validity coefficient |
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| indicates the correlation between different traits measured by the same method |
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| different traits by different methods |
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| rules for assigning symbols to objects(usually numbers to people) |
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| various approaches to operationally defining a construct |
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| the percentage of respondents in the initial sample from whom complete responses are obtained |
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| the influence of the interviewer's expectations or personal characteristics on responses |
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| a means of including a telephone sample the significant number of homes for which the number is unlisted |
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| "diary methods", requires participants to provide an account of what they are experiencing on repeated occasions over a short period of time |
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| third party responses to a question or interview (gathered in addition to info provided by participant) |
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| the study of the interplay of physiological systems and people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
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| help determine the degree to which the physiological signal is influenced by factors not relevant to the hypothesis |
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| implicit association method |
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| makes use of the computer administered Implicit Association Test to measure automatic evaluative judgments |
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| participants sort cards with adjectives into piles that are labeled themselves, a person, or a group of people |
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| autophotographic research |
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| participants photograph aspects of their experiences |
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| the questions or statements to which participants provide a response |
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| tendency to recall events as more recent than their actual dates |
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| sociometric questionnaire |
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| asking each member of a group what other group member they would prefer to partner with on various occasions, and which members they would not like to |
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| a way to word a Q so that it is not biased:"which in your opinion" instead of "some people think" |
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| inappropriately combines two separate ideas and requires a single response:asking for parents' view point instead of mom's and dad's seperately |
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| screen out respondents who do not have adequate knowledge about the issue at hand |
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| "don't know" to filter Q but substabtive answers to non filter Qs |
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| the effects of the preceding Qs on the response of the later Qs (a less powerful effect) |
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| Q order: general to specific |
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| 2+ versions of a questionnaire are given out randomly, having different wording or sequence |
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| randomized response techniques |
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| blue/red ball example (interviewer d/n know the Q being answered) |
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| the assignment of scores to answers to a Q as to yield a measure of the construct |
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| the range of possible answers to a given Q |
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| multiple item measures, serve the basic function of providing a usable measure of a theoretical construct |
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| all items measure 1 construct |
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| various items measure different constructs |
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| contain qualitatively different categories to which we attach names rather than numerical meaning |
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| contains categories that can be ordered by rank on a continuum |
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| numbers have order and are equally spaced |
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| true 0, scale values represent multipliable quantities ex: length and weight |
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| selecting one item out of a group of items that are placed in order of a scale (extremely liberal to not at all liberal) |
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| require the judge to make comparisons against a given population |
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| ranking individuals in relation to one another |
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| the tendency for overall positive or negative evaluations of the object or person being rated to influence ratings on specific dimensions |
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| raters overestimate the desirable qualities of people they like |
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| tendency for raters to see each other as opposite to them on a trait |
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| the hypothetical population of all times relevant to the construct we wish to measure |
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| draw a sample of the items from the domain and use the person's responses to those to estimate the desired construct |
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| acquiescent response style |
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| the general tendency to agree with statements regardless of their content |
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| a list of statements in which if one agrees with one statement, it is assumed that they agree with statements close to theirs and disagree with the distant ones |
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| an item that only a small percentage of people will agree with, can be anywhere on the scale |
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| has a clear side, either favorable or unfavorable |
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| the range of scale values that the subject agrees with |
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| lickert scale, SA to SD, coded and averaged |
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| evaluates the degree of statistical commonality in a set of items (the degree to which responses to them appear to be influenced by the same underlying construct) |
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| measures the meaning of an object to an individual (series of attitude scales) |
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| opposite words with numbers 1-7 in between (You are....fair 1234567 unfair) |
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| the same points at all points across the range of values the measures can take |
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| particularistic research goals |
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| goal is to generalize the research results from the studied sample to the specific target population |
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| universalistic research goals |
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| aims at tetsing theoretically hypothesized associstions, with no population in mind |
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| defind by one or more specifications that divide a population into mutually exclusive segments |
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| a single member of a population |
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| a count of all the elements in a population and/or a determination of the distributions of their characteristics, based on info obtained for each of the elements |
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| the group of elements selected with the intention of finding out something about the population from which they are taken |
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| representative sampling plan |
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| ensure that the odds are great enough so that the selected sample is sufficiently representative of the population |
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| one can specify for each elemnt of teh population the probability that it will be included in the sample |
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| there is no way to estimate the probability each element has of being included in the sample and no assurance that evry element has some chance of being included |
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| simply reaching out and taking the cases that are at hand |
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| systematic deviations of sample means from true population values |
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| with good judgment and an appropriate strategy, we can handpick the cases to be included and thus develop samples that are satisfactory in relation to our needs |
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| the basic probability sampling design |
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| randomly choosing an element, and then chosing the other elements to be included on the basis if the first element (picking every 10th one) |
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| stratified random sampling |
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| population divided into 2 or more strata, simple random sampling is performed on each strata, then combined to make the total sample |
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| like stratified sampling except done multiple times and can be done through simple methods |
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| the difference in the distribution of characteristics between a sample and the population |
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| cluster sampling that uses geographic areas as the initial sampling units, then households, then individuals within households |
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| primary sampling units (PSUs) |
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| selected from the population of counties and metro areas in the US (used in multistage area sample) |
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| thughts, feelings, behaviors |
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| situations or stimuli that the participant might encounter during the course of everyday life |
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