Term
| What is social loafing? ( p. 177) |
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Definition
| -Social loafing- behavior in which team members withhold their efforts and fail to perform their share of the work |
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Term
| What are the factors that encourage people to withhold effort in teams? (p. 177) |
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Definition
- The presence of someone with expertise
- The presentation of a compelling argument
- Lacking confidence in one’s ability to contribute
- An unimportant or meaningless decision
- A dysfunctional decision-making climate |
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Term
| What’s a continuous reinforcement schedule? (p. 249) |
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Definition
| Continuous reinforcement schedule- a schedule that requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of behavior |
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Term
| What’s an intermittent reinforcement schedule? (p. 249) |
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Definition
| - Intermittent reinforcement schedule- a schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified or average time has elapsed or after a specified or average number of behaviors has occurred |
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Term
| What’s a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? variable interval reinforcement schedule? (p. 249) |
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Definition
- Fixed interval reinforcement schedule- an intermittent schedule in which consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed
- Variable interval reinforcement schedule- an intermittent schedule in which the time between a behavior and the following consequences varies around a specific average |
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Term
| . What’s a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? variable ratio reinforcement schedule? (p. 249) |
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Definition
- Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule- an intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors
- Variable ration reinforcement schedule- an intermittent schedule in which consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more and sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors |
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Term
| What is transactional leadership? (p. 272) |
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Definition
| - Transactional leadership- leadership based on an exchange process, in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance |
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Term
| What is charismatic leadership? |
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Definition
| - Charismatic leadership- the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers |
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Term
| What’s the difference between ethical and unethical charismatic’s? |
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Definition
- Exercising power:
o Ethical- power is used to serve others
o Unethical- power is used to dominate or manipulate others for personal gain
- Creating the vision:
o Ethical- followers help develop the vision
o Unethical- vision comes solely from leader and serves his or her personal agenda
- Communicating with followers:
o Ethical- two-way communication. Seek out view-points on critical issues
o Unethical- one-way communication. Not open to input and suggestions from others
- Accepting feedback:
o Ethical- open to feedback. Willing to learn from criticism
o Unethical- inflated ego thrives on attention and admiration of sycophants, Avoid or punish candid feedback
- Stimulating feedback:
o Ethical- want followers to think and question status quo as well as leader’s views
o Unethical- don’t want followers to think. Want uncritical, intellectually unquestioning acceptance of leader’s ideas
- Developing followers:
o Ethical- focus on developing people with whom they interact. Express confidence in them and share recognition with others
o Unethical- insensitive and unresponsive to follower’s needs and aspirations
- Living by moral standards:
o Ethical- follow self-guided principles that may go against popular opinion. Have three virtues: courage, a sense of fairness or justice, and integrity
o Unethical- follow standards only if they satisfy immediate self-interests. Manipulate impressions so that others think they are “doing the right thing.” Use communication skills to manipulate others to support their personal agenda |
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Term
| What is transformational leadership? |
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Definition
| - Transformational leadership- leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group’s purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interests for the good of the group |
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Term
| What are the four components of transformational leadership? |
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Definition
- Charismatic leadership or idealized influence- leaders act as role models for their followers
- Inspirational motivation- leaders motivate and inspire followers by providing meaning and challenging work. |
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