Term
|
Definition
Need to recylcle NAD+ (occasionally nADP+)
No addiation ATP formed= not very efficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When there no inorganic (nitrate, sulfate, o2) terminal electron acceptor available
Many but not all aerobic/anaerobic respireers can ferment
No electron transport chain
Obligate fermenters never respire!-always ferment |
|
|
Term
| How does fermentation work? |
|
Definition
Organic terminal electron acceptor
Pyruvate or derivates (eg acetyl CoA) |
|
|
Term
Useful byproducts
of fermentation |
|
Definition
propionic acid- swiss cheese
lactic acid- yogurt, teeth, cramps
ethanol-beer/wine/bread |
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|
Term
Clostridium perfringens has to run fermentation.
shape=
gram-
use of and response to o2=
forms-
environmental resevori=
normally in- |
|
Definition
Gram (+)
Shape= bacillus
Obligate anaerobe (use of and response to oxygen)
Obligate fermenter
NO ETC
Endospores
Environmental reservoir: soil
Normal intestinal flora=commensle |
|
|
Term
Gangrene defined-
gas gangrene caused by-
infects- |
|
Definition
Defined: Loss of blood supply
“Gas” gangrene
C. perfringens
Muscle tissue
Infection
Bloody discharge
Swelling
Severe pain
Snack crackle pop
Literally gas bubles building up |
|
|
Term
Clostridium perfringens
-troph
eats-
runs-
no- |
|
Definition
Chemoherteroorganotroph
Eats everything
Lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acids
Enzymes req for this: nucleases+lipases+ proteases+
Runs glycolysis over and over again
No pyruvate dehydrogenase
NO TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens --major fermentation pathways after glycolysis (branches at pyruvate) branched pathway |
|
Definition
Two
Propionate/CO2 OR Ethanol
Acetate
Butyrate
H2 + CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens branch 1: |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate →→→ ethanol/acetate/butyrate + H2 + CO2 +H2 +CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens branch 1: what makes acetyl coA and CO2 instead of what which means/ |
|
Definition
Pyruvate synthase instead of pyruvate dehydrogenase makes acetyl-CoA + CO2
(no formation of NADH)less reducing power
3C -> 2C +1C |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens recycled NAD+ in branch 1 bc |
|
Definition
| Recycles NAD+ so that microbe can run glycolysis again |
|
|
Term
| C. perfringens hydrogenase is necc. in branch one so that- |
|
Definition
| pyruvate synthase continues to run by forming H gas makes a more anaerobic environment (protecting itself) oxygen doesn’t enter via equillibrium |
|
|
Term
| Hydrogenase rxn and forms- |
|
Definition
2 H+ + 2 e- → H2
H2 + CO2
More anaerobic
Gas bubbling |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Pathway 2: |
|
Definition
| Pathway 2: Pyruvate →→ propionate + CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Pathway 2: enzymes/products |
|
Definition
Lactate dehydrogenase (forms lactate)
Pyruvate + NADH + H+ → Lactate + NAD+
3C->3C
Lactate →→→ propionate + CO2
Recycles NAD+
More bubbling |
|
|
Term
Streptococcus pyogenes
shape-
gram-
response use of o2
no-
environment-
-troph |
|
Definition
Gram (+)
Shape= diplococcus (multiplies in chains)
Aerotolerant anaerobe(always fermeters)
Obligate fermenters
No ETC
“Environment”
Oral/upper respiratory tract and
Chemo hetero troph and organo |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus pyogenes causes |
|
Definition
Pharyngitis (strep throat)
Rheumatic (scarlet )fever
Cardiac tissue.
Mastitis
Suck to hard causes infection in breast tissue
Necrotizing fasciitis
Flesh-eating |
|
|
Term
Streptococcus pyogenes eats-
runs-
no- |
|
Definition
Mostly eats proteins (proteases) and carbs (amylases)
Runs glycolysis
No pyruvate dehydrogenase
No TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus pyogenes type of fermentation- |
|
Definition
| Homolactic fermentation (“homofermentative metabolism”) |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus pyogenes enzymes/products |
|
Definition
Lactate dehydrogenase (like C. perfringens)
Pyruvate + NADH + H+ → Lactate + NAD+ (3C->3C)
Regenerates NAD+
Unlike C. perfringens lactate is the end
No CO2 formation
Not really a pathway (only 1 enzyme) |
|
|
Term
Lacto bacilli
shape-
gram-
response/use of o2
environment- |
|
Definition
Gram (+)
Shape: Bacillus
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Obligate fermenters
No ETC
Environment
Acidophiles (pH ~4)-> producing acid protects from predators that cant survive in acid
Intestines; raw milk
Rarely pathogenic |
|
|
Term
| lacto bacilli type of fermenter- |
|
Definition
Homolactic fermenters (No CO2)
ND Heterolactic fermenters (form CO2) (“heterofermentative” metabolism) |
|
|
Term
| Homolactic fermenters (No CO2) |
|
Definition
Lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate → lactate
Regenerates NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| Heterolactic fermenters (form CO2) (“heterofermentative” metabolism) |
|
Definition
Start with pentose phosphate pathway instead of glycolysis
Convert glucose →→→ lactate + CO2 + ethanol
6 C → 3 C + 1 C + 2 C
Recycles NADP+ and NAD+ (electron carriers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Probiotics
e.g., Activia® yogurt
Competition (inhibits pathogens)
Antimicrobial production
Commercial products
Milk products (Cougar Gold)
Kimchi, sauerkraut, pickles
Chocolate |
|
|
Term
| Chocolate 3 stages sucession: |
|
Definition
Anaerobic yeast fermentation
Low pH (citric acid) ~3.5
Pulp breakdown
Produces acetate, ethanol, CO2
Lactobacilli fermentation
Slightly elevated pH ~4
Produces acetate, lactate, CO2
Acetobacter aerobic respiration
Converts acetate and ethanol to CO2
Oxidation leads to brown color |
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