Term
| Host pathogen interactions are --% pathogens, --% no effect/beneficial |
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Definition
5% pathogens
95% no effect |
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Term
Intrxns are named
benificial=
no effect=
pathogenic= |
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Definition
mutualism
commenel
parasitic |
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Term
We are exposed -- by --
-- prevents invasion or some have -- meaning -- |
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Definition
all the time by surfaces and normal flora
immune system prevent invasion
niche dont invade |
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Term
| If the host has a status change meaning-- it may cause problems |
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Definition
overall health
break in immune system barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| Staph aureus is on 10-30% of ppl and doesnt cause problems until skin breaks |
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Term
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Definition
staph (ylococcus aureus, epidermidis) fungi
Some are commensle, but athletes foot is not |
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Term
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Definition
| Diverse (strept. Pyogenes (aerotolerant anaerobe, fermenter, often causes disease but normal to be there, G+), strept. Mutans (G+ oral decay/cavities) , Porphyromonas gingivalis (G- not normal causes gingivalis, lives anaerobic pockets, |
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Term
| Gut is low on -- allowing -- to live. Gut has a lot of -- relationships |
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Definition
oxygen Clostridia and bacteriodes
mutalistic |
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Term
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Definition
Escherichia coli (G-) (non disease causing)
Lactic acid bacteria (typically obligate fermenters- lacto bacillus acidophilus doesn’t do very well due to lack to nutrients but can be found there. Yogurt replenishes them, theses guys help us with digestion)
Clostridia (perfringens is normal)
Bacteroides (G-)
Methanobrevibacter smithii- archaeal species found in gut, makes methane. We form CO2 and H gas combined by these archae to make CH4. |
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Term
| First step for any microbe to cause infection= |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| binding/establishment. doesn't mean it is or will lead to infection |
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Term
| Example of colonization that isnt an infection |
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Definition
| bacteria in yogurt need to colonize in colon and are actually good |
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Term
| Subclinical wouldnt have been seen by -- bc it is -- |
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Definition
| Koch wouldn’t be able to see subclinical infection= low level, not isolatable, no dead rabbit. |
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Term
| Problems for Kochs postulate |
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Definition
| symptoms depend on severity. Disease must be bad enough to make things not work properly anymore. If infected by one thing, you are susecipital to other things. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| related sequential disease |
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Definition
| flu leads to bacterial pnumonia |
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Term
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Definition
| number of microbes needed to cause infection |
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Term
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Definition
severity of disease
avirulent- very bad |
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Term
| Primary (frank) pathogens |
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Definition
| Cause disease in Healthy hosts |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced immunity- some other microbe will cause you to become ill. Healthy individual wouldn’t get this. |
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Term
| example of Opportunistic pathogens |
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Definition
| HIV and AIDS dont kill people, people die of opportunistic infections such as Fungi like pneumocystis jiroveci |
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Term
| Clostridium Perfringens can be opportunistic pathogen bc: |
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Definition
| trama injury (a tear in intestinal track) If it gets out of area it becomes an opportunistic organism and causes disease bc its not in correct place. |
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Term
| Opportunistic pathogen for 3rd degree burns- |
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Definition
| pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most ppl are exposed to it but it can colonize in the burn |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(get rid of pathogen, levels go to zero)
Pathogen levels increase
Immune system wins
Rhinovirus, mononucleosis, bacterial infections
Mono- tends to last a very long time |
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Term
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Definition
(levels never go to 0, maintain)
Pathogen levels increase and maintan
Symptoms constant
Immune system loses
Hepatitis C |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogen levels increase
Immune system wins (for awhile)
Pathogens (typ viruses) hide, low level infection remains
Ex: HIV, chicken pox/shingles, herpes |
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Term
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Definition
| turned closed system into an open system (no limit to amount of nutr, wastes dont add up) this is bad |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| “intoxication” bacterial toxins in blood, but cant culture bacteria from blood. |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria + toxins in blood, often lethal
Ex: Salmonella typhimurium/enterica Escherichia coli from perforated intestines.
Person has gone septic |
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Term
| What describes how microbes are transmitted? |
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Definition
| Infection cycle= life cycle can be vertical or horizontal transmission |
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Term
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Definition
Between parent/child
Includes animal (non human) hosts |
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Term
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Definition
Between (unrelated) members of a species
Can occur via Direct contact
Fomites: nonliving objects (food-chicken, doorknob)
Vectors: alive; typicall insects/animals
If disease is for human, the vector cannot be human |
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Term
| Horizontal transmission routes |
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Definition
fecal-oral via hands, formites
urogenital
airborn/ aerosolized
Direct Contact |
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Term
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Definition
| Escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium/enterica, vibrio cholerae (G-) |
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Term
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Definition
Req. Direct sexual contact, bodily fluids
STDs including Neisseria gonorrhea, Treponema pallidum HIV |
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Term
| Types of airborn horizontal transmission routes |
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Definition
person to person carrier aerosolizes and transmits to unifected person (Rhino virus and influenze)
Mechanical: Aerosolized by an inanimate object
Ex: Sweeping rodent droppings conaining hantavirus. Using an object to throw particles up in the air. |
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Term
| Direct contact horizontal transmission routes: |
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Definition
skin to skin
formites
vectors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cutting board for salmonella on meat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
microbial life cycle does not include species
Ex: flies + salmonella or E.coli 0157 flies land on it and carry it off to somewhere else. Fly doesn’t get infected- just transports |
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Term
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Definition
microbial life cycle includes species, typically an insect
Ex: mosquitos + malaria (plasmodium) mosquitos +West nile virus |
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Term
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Definition
(wherever you find this microbe normally)
Normal host
May or may not show disease |
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Term
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Definition
Infect the Same species
Seem healthy
Shed microbe
violate Koch |
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Term
| Asymptomatic carriers ex: |
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Definition
| (Typhoid Mary in golden age) infected with salmonella but didn’t show symptoms. Infected other people with it. She thought she was healthy, but everywhere she went ppl got sick. She was a hired cook. |
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Term
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Definition
Different species
Sometime commensal
chickens carrying Salmonella) |
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Term
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Definition
(bacillus, clostridia in soil)
Natural location outside “host” |
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Term
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Definition
Chunks of transferred DNA
Multiple related genes
Operon- series of genes clustered. Genome island that is bad is pathogenicity island: |
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Term
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Definition
Encod Virulence factors
Associated with recombination (especially lysogeny) Sources are lysogenic phages, permanetly lysogenic
May or may not remain mobile. |
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