Term
| In Aerobic cycling -- and -- fix (meaning --) CO2 to CH2O (sugars) |
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Definition
| Phototrohphs and lithotrophs reduce or add electrons |
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Term
| In aerobic cycling -- catabolizes (meaning --) CH2O to CO2- (aka --) |
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Definition
aerobic heterotrophs
oxidize
"respiration" |
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Definition
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Definition
| respirers and fermenters catabolize (oxidize) CH2O to CO2 |
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Definition
| Also look on Fall 12 exam |
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Term
| Nitragen fixation equation/equilibrium |
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Definition
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Term
| Nitrogen fixation has to be -- bc - |
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Definition
Anaerobic
Nitrogenase is highly oxygen sensitive |
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Term
| Microbs with Nitrogenase: |
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Definition
Rhizobia within legumes
Some Clostridia,(not clost.perfringens) Pseudomonas in soil
Cyanobacteria (Anabaena spiroides) in water |
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Term
| Problem/ solution to cyanobacteria being nitrogen fixers |
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Definition
THEY are obligate aerobes meaning they are around Oxygen.
Have Heterocycysts to incase the nitrogenase and protect it. |
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Term
| Heterocyst does-- and relationship is -- |
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Definition
| incases the nitrogenase is kept->thick cell wall to protect it. Again a mutualistic relationship. |
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| Do slides 6-9 ecology pt 2 |
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Definition
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Definition
| decrease biochemical O2 demand (BOD) +pathogens |
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Definition
| Biochemical O2 demand- aerobic respiration, how many things in wastewater want to consume O2? Becomes an issue w/environmental pollutants. Makes a huge increase and deprive other plants/fish req O2 |
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Definition
preliminary- physical
Primary treatment: physical
Secondary treatment: microbes
Tertiary tx- chemical |
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Definition
| screens remove solids (filters) includes femimen products, anything flushed (toy, rings) |
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Definition
| screens+ sedimentation tanks remove insolubles (pressure makes things preciptate) get rid of tiny chunks of things. |
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Definition
| microbial decomposistion-> activated sludge |
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Definition
chemicals
(strong oxiders like Cl2) eliminate pathogens |
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Term
| Activated sludge contains microbes that metabolize- |
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Definition
| Bacteria, protists, fungi, etc (“floc”)(little ecosystem that metabolizes the junk) |
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Term
| activated sludge contains microbes that oxidize: |
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Definition
| oxidize organics-> smaller molecules +CO2 +NO3- |
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Term
| In activated sludge -- settles to bottom and BOD drops to --% of original organic material |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary tx =Anaerobic respiration + fermentation pathway |
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Definition
Fermentation -> acetate (major products), CO2, H2(add together to form methane)
Acetate -> CH4 + CO2 (methanogens)
Methane is volitle, gasses go away |
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Term
| 3 types of bioremediation= |
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Definition
1) Intrinsic bioremediation/Natural attenuation
2) Biostimulation
3) Bioaugmentation |
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Term
| Intrinsic bioremediation/Natural attenuation |
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Definition
Naturally-occurring
No human intervention |
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Term
| example of Intrinsic bioremediation/Natural attenuation |
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Definition
Microbes can consume benzene.
2,4-D used to be used in a lot of industrial products, now it is banned bc it is in the soil a long time. Cl on benzene make it very stable. Soil microbes can take 2,4-D to 10% in 10 days but 2,4,5-T remains at 100% |
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Term
| How does intrinsic bioremediation work? slide 13 pt2 |
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Definition
Aerobic aromatic catabolism
Add O2 and convert to catechol
Hydroxylase accepts 2,4D but not 245T as substrate
Add O2 (dioxygenase) to open ring
Remove Cl (dehalogenase)
Products (acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA) and enter tricarboylic acid (TCA) cycyle.
What is the TCA cycle? Make PMF? |
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Term
| Can we promote degradation of unwanted chemicals? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Add otherwise-limiting nutrients
Typically fertilizer (NO3- limiting)
Eg Exxon Valdez distaster (N+P) |
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Term
Biostimulation
Co-metabolism |
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Definition
add metabolic substrates
Stimulate existing microbes who have “promiscuous” enzymes (accept alternative substrates)
Microbe will grow more= breakdown a lot faster |
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Term
| example of biostimulation |
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Definition
Add CH4 to gdegrade TCE= trichloroethylene
Chemical plant leaked TCE methanemono oxygenase uses TCE as a substrate but to make them do this this they pumped in CH4 increasing growth increasing consumption of TCE. |
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| Can we promote degradation of unwanted chemicals? |
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Definition
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Definition
Add microbes
Eg activated sludge |
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Term
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Definition
Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM® Plus: regenesis.com/contaminated-site-remediation-products/bioaugmentatio/bio-dechlor/default.aspx
Heavy metals different microbes can metabolize them. Not natural. Microbes wouldn’t normally be in that environment
AND
AquaBella:
Add to aquarium to keep clean. Considered organic. Helps w/Nitrogen balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Constructive, sustainable use of microbes |
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Term
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Definition
Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP)
Sporosarcina pasteurii, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Bacillus pseudofirmus
Use enzyme= Ureases urea as sole C/N source |
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Term
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Definition
NH2)2CO + 3H2O → 2NH4+ + CO2 + 2HO- (hydrolysis)
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 (H+ + HCO3-)
Ca+2 + HCO3- + HO- → CaCO3 + H2O (precipitation) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Assmilatory/ Dissamilatory NO3- reduction |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| rhizobia (is gram?) interacts with -- which produce -- telling rhizobia via -- to -- and produce |
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Definition
G-
legumes nutty plants
flavanoids
via chemotaxis (flagellum)to come over
a compound called Nod |
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Term
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Definition
| causes root hair (epidermal cell) to curl brining bacterium close/ burrow inside. |
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Term
| Rhizobia travels thru -- and multiples w/ in and -- where -- is produced |
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Definition
| travels through epidermis (single cell on outside) and multiplies w/in epidermal and go into the cortocoral cell where they differentiate and specialize into bacteroirds where Nitrogenase enzyme produced |
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Term
| What protects Nitrogenase from what? |
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Definition
| being within the cortocal cell protects it from oxygen even w/out cell wall. |
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Term
| Benifit of rhizobia and legumes relationship? |
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Definition
| nitrogenase rxn needs lots of atp which is provided by cortocal cells (plant does photosynthesis to make ATP which the bacteroids can use) Nitrogen is fixated ammonium which can be turned into AA by bacterial cells and plant itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| lithotrophy- use of electrons from inorganic cmp |
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Term
| what oxidizes oxidizes NH4+ to NO2- |
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Definition
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Term
| what oxidizes NO2- to NO3- |
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Definition
| Nitrobacter and Nitrospira |
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Term
| Assimilatory nitrate reduction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - taking nutr and incorporate it into biomass. Nitrate reduction is opposite of ammonium |
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Term
Nitrosomonas
Nitrobacter and Nitrospira |
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Definition
G-
lithotrophs
somonas do 1st step form nitrate
bacter/spira do the rest NO2- oxidizes to NO3-
all mesophiles/nutralophiles |
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Term
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Definition
| - nitrate back to ammonium helps to continue cycle. Assimilatory is the same chemical rxn but is incorporated into biomass (AA) not using e- for ETC. In dissimilatory you take e- from another source (sulfur cmpd) and donated to nitrate and ammonium is released into soil and are using it in ETC. |
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Term
define anammox-
reverse rxn-
whats returned?
rxn
what species do it? |
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Definition
Anammox- use NH4+ and oxidize it as a source of e- to send it back to N2 (reverse rxn as nitrogen fixation)
Most N2 return
Anaerobic oxidation NH4+ -> N2
Soil aquatic bacteria archae |
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