Term
|
Definition
division of the cytoplasm of a plant or animal cell into two, as distinct from the division of its nucleus (which is mitosis)
|
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between cleavage in animal cells vs. plant cells. |
|
Definition
The cleavage furrow is the indentation that begins the process of cleavage, by which animal cells undergo cytokinesis. The same proteins responsible for muscle contraction,actin and myosin begin the process of forming the cleavage furrow. This can only happen in animal cells.
Plant cells do not form a cleavage furrow. Instead, plant cells begin cytokinesis with the formation of a cell plate. The cleavage furrow begins on the outside of the cell and moves inward towards the center while the cell plate begins in the center and grows outward to meet the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process by which prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce
the chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes move apart |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of meiosis (I and II) |
|
Definition
four daughter cells
(each daughter cell has only half as many chromosomes (n) as the parent cell (2n)) |
|
|
Term
| what are egg and sperm derived from? |
|
Definition
germ-line cells
cell type in a diploid organism that carries only one set of chromosomes and is specialized for sexual reproduction.... a sperm or egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any cell of a plant or animal other than a germ cell (so other than a sperm or egg). They divide by mitosis |
|
|
Term
| When mitosis occurs, will you end up with more or less cells than you started with? |
|
Definition
| mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets. It produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell |
|
|
Term
| Are the cells that meiosis produce genetically identical or different? |
|
Definition
| they differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell.... meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two (diploid 2n) to one (haploid n) |
|
|
Term
| What three events are unique to meiosis (occuring in meiosis I) |
|
Definition
synapsis and crossing over in prophase I - homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information
at metaphase I there are tetrads (paired homologues) instead of individual replicated chromosomes
at anaphase I, homologues separate, not sister chromatids
|
|
|
Term
| When are cohesins cleaved in mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when are cohesins cleaved in meiosis? |
|
Definition
| anaphase I and at the centromeres in anaphase II (separation of sister chromatids) |
|
|
Term
| What three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation? |
|
Definition
independent assortment of chromosomes
crossing over
random fertilization |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 successive organizations of cell types. |
|
Definition
tissues
organs
organ systems
the whole organism |
|
|
Term
| What does differential gene expression do? |
|
Definition
| orchestrates the developmental programs of animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which cells become specialized in structure and function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processes that give organisms their shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they are maternal substances in the egg that influence early development
they are unevenly distributed and led to different gene expression as cells divide |
|
|
Term
| _____ commits a cell to its final fate. |
|
Definition
| determination - marked by the production of tissue specific proteins |
|
|
