Term
| main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) |
|
Definition
crohn disease
ulcerative colitis |
|
|
Term
| characteristic features of ulcerative colitis |
|
Definition
limited to the colon
distribution is diffuse
ulceration is superficial
pseudopolyps
malignant potential |
|
|
Term
| characteristic features of crohn disease |
|
Definition
ileum and colon involved
skin lesions
deep ulcers fistulas
granulomas
malignant potential |
|
|
Term
| carcinomas of the large intestine |
|
Definition
adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma of the anus |
|
|
Term
| common nonepithelial tumors of the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acquired causes of hydronephrosis |
|
Definition
kidney stone
tumor
inflammation
defect in innervation
pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| major cause of urolithiasis |
|
Definition
| supersaturation of the urine |
|
|
Term
| major components of renal stones are |
|
Definition
calcium oxalate/phosphate
struvite
urate
cystein |
|
|
Term
| major causes of renal acute tubular necrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the histological grading of prosate carcinomas is based on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most important marker for prostate carcinoma detection and monitoring |
|
Definition
| prostate specific antigen |
|
|
Term
| major risk factors for cervical carcinoma are |
|
Definition
multiple sexual partners
high risk HPV infection
smoking
immunodeficiency |
|
|
Term
| the most effective screening tool for the prevention of cervical cancer is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a comedo carcinoma |
|
Definition
| ductal carcinoma with extensive central necrosis |
|
|
Term
| DCIS is the abbreviation of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lobular carcinoma in situ |
|
|
Term
| what is paget's disease of the breast? |
|
Definition
ductal carcinoma
with infiltration of the lactiferus duct and the areola |
|
|
Term
| histological subtypes of invasive breast cancer are |
|
Definition
ductal
lobular
medullary
mucinous
tubular |
|
|
Term
| major forms of thyroiditis |
|
Definition
chronic lymphocytic
subacute granulomatous
subacute lymphocytic |
|
|
Term
| the enlargement of the thyroid is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carcinomas of the thyroid are |
|
Definition
papillary
follicular
medullary
anaplastic carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| patterns of brain herniation due to increased intracranial pressure are |
|
Definition
subfalcine
transtentorial
tonsillar |
|
|
Term
| major forms of hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
non communicating
communicating
hydrocephalus ex vacuo |
|
|
Term
| most freq cause of subaraqchnoid hemorrhage is |
|
Definition
| rupture of saccular aneurysm |
|
|
Term
| cause of epidural hematoma |
|
Definition
| injury of the middle meningeal artery |
|
|
Term
| cause of subdural hematoma |
|
Definition
| disruption of the bridging veins |
|
|
Term
| major routes of infective agents to the CNS |
|
Definition
hematogenous
direct
coninuous extension
nerve channels |
|
|
Term
| forms of infectious meningitis |
|
Definition
acute bacterial meningitis
lymphocytic meningitis
chronic meningitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
astrocytomas
oligodendrogliomas
ependymomas |
|
|
Term
| most common primary tumors causing brain metastases |
|
Definition
lung cancer
breast carcinoma
melanoma
renal cancer
gastrointestinal adnocarcinomas |
|
|
Term
| list 5 histological types of colorectal polyps |
|
Definition
inflammatory
hyperplastic
hamartomatous
adenomatous
lymphomatous |
|
|
Term
| what type of colorectal polyps do you know based on the macroscopical appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which are the 2 major genetic routes of colorectal carcinoma |
|
Definition
APC/ beta-cetenin pathway
microsatellite instability pathway |
|
|
Term
| list at least four of the hereditary polyposis syndromes |
|
Definition
FAP
gardner
lynch
turcot
cowden
peutz-jeghers |
|
|
Term
| which are the most important complications associated with acute calculosus cholecystitis |
|
Definition
empyema
gangrene
perforation
bilestone ileus |
|
|
Term
| which are the common bone-forming tumor? |
|
Definition
osteoma
osteoid osteoma
osteoblastoma
osteosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| which are the common cartilage forming tumors? |
|
Definition
enchondroma
osteochondroma
chondroblastoma
chondrosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| which are the most freq complications of rickets |
|
Definition
caput quadratum
rachitic rosary
pectus carinatum/ excavatum
rachitic bowleg/ knock knee
scoliosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the major change in osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major change in osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| reduction of bone mineralization |
|
|
