Details Title: 2nd GP exam Description: skeletal & muscular Total Flash Cards: 60 Created: 11/11/2008 16:06:39		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Physiology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term function of skeletal muscle (4) Definition -produces movement to help us survive. -maintains posture -supports soft tissue -makes breathing, digestion, circulation, & waste elimination possible -makes heat to maintain body temp Term epimysium Definition covers the outside of muscle Term sarcomere (5) Definition -shortens when muscles contract -between 2 Zlines -functional unit of the skeletal muscle system -2 actin filaments overlap a thicker myosin filament -cross bridges of the myosin filament bind with the action filament & z lines move toward one another causing a contraction Term muscle cell structure Definition muscle -- fasciculus -- cells -- myofibrils -- myofilaments (actin & myosin) Term Z line (2) Definition -middle of the I band. contains actin vinding proteins -defines the sarcomere Term M line Definition composed of protein and connects the centers of the myosin filaments Term I bands Definition composed of actin filaments Term A bands Definition composed of myosin filaments Term mechanism of muscle contraction (12) Definition -myofibril shortens with actin & myson slide over each other -the length of these filaments do not change -z lines move toeward each other as actin & myosin slide toward the center of the sarcomere -then the sarcomere shortens -when a series of sarcomeres shorten, the whole muscle shortens, & the muscle contracts -sliding actin between the myosin & actin is accomplished when knoblike projections of the myosin filament bind with the actin filament -ATP provides the energy to make cross bridges move - muscles contract when CA are released from the sarcomere reticulum & relax when the ions are reabsorbded -each actin molecule has an active site -the cross bridge of the myosin filament binds when the muscle contracts -when CA is released into sarcoplasm, troponin shofts towards it, binds to it, & changes shape pulling the tropomyosin off the active site -myosin cross bridges bind to exposed active site & the muscle contracts Term tropomyosin Definition covers the active site Term troponin Definition holds the tropomyosins in place Term neuromuscular junction (4) Definition -nerve cells that stimulate muscle fibers are called motor neurons -motor neurons extend into muscles through many fine branches -where neuran & muscle meet is called a meuromuscular junction -the neuron fiber & muscle fiber together are called a motor unit Term isotonic Definition flex Term isometric Definition point Term the muscles--facial (epicranius, orbiculuaris occuli, orbicularis oris, masseter) Definition epicranius--surprise or horror orbiculuaris occuli--winking & blinking orbicularis oris--controls our lips masseter--chewing capabilities Term diseases of the muscles--pulled tendon Definition where the muscle/tendon connetion is partially or completely separated from the bone. may require surgery. Term diseases of the muscles--contusions Definition where a blood vessel breaks within a muscle causing a bruise Term diseases of the muscles--hernia Definition a tear or rupture in the muscle allowing an organ or blood vessel to protrude through the muscle wall Term the muscles--neck Definition big one--sternocleidomastoid the 2 stern.'s on the side of the neck enable neck movement Term the muscles--abdominal(rectus abdominus, external oblique) Definition rectus abdominus--supports internal organs & flexes trunk. external oblique--compresses abdomen & rotates & flexes the vertebral column Term the muscles--pectoralis major Definition chest muscle, adducts & rotates supper arm Term the muscles--trapezius Definition lowel neck, supper back, raises shoulder Term the muscles--deltoid Definition shoulder, abducts arm Term the muscles--arm (biceps & triceps & brachloradialis) Definition biceps--upper arm, flexes & rotates arm outward triceps--upper arm. extends arm brachloradialis--major muscle of forearm. flexes forearm Term the muscles--gluteus maximus Definition BUTT Term quadriceps (4 muscles) Definition rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus medialis vastus intermedius Term the muscles--gastrocnemius Definition flexes lower leg & extends foot Term the muscles--soleus Definition extends foot Term blood functions (5) Definition -transports gases, nutrients, hormones, & metabolic waste -regulares pH (potential of H) -stabilizes body temp -contains enzymes/proteins to repair vessel damage -carries white blood cells to defend against pathogens & toxins Term RBC anatomy Definition --have no nucleus -their constant movement through vessels cause damage -they do not have mitochondira or ribosomes, & cannot carry out repairs. short lived. -- are made by stem cells in bone marrow --shape increases it's O2 carrying capacity --transports O2 by means of hemoglobin Term hemoglobin Definition --hemoglobin is a complex protein composed of 4 polypettide chains --each hemo group = iron atoms that atrract O2 --the hemoglobin molecule readily combines with O2 to form oxyhemoglobin --this gives blood it's red color Term blood composition (plasma, platelets, blood cells) Definition plasma = 90% water. 7% blood proteins (albummin--regulates osmotic conditions of the blood globulin--transports lipis such as cholesetrol & fat. soluable vitamins. fibrinogen=-a protein essential for blood clotting.) 3% gases, ions, hormones, & variuos nutrients Term platelets Definition --also called thrombocytes --small colorless disc shaped fragments formed from cytoplasm of WBCs --produced in the bone marrrow --clotting consists of several steps when a blood vessel is cut or damaged --platelets help the clotting process. platelets plug the hole. --damaged tissue releases a lipoprotein called tissue factor --tissue combines with thromboplastin --fibrinogen is converted to fibrin --chemical reactions end with a scab/clot needs CA & vitK Term blood clotting Definition --smooth muscle constricts to reduce blood flow --platelets clot hole --serotonin constricts the vessels --coagulation phase, fibrinogen converted to fibrin --fibrin forms clot, pulling wound together to stop bleeding --tissue may now repair itself Term blood clot disorders-- hemophilia, heart attack, stroke, thrombus, embolism, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis Definition hemophilia--genetic disorder of clotting factors --clot on brain---stroke --clot on heart: heart attack --traveling clot: embolism --thrombus:blood clot on a vessel wall thrombocytopenia: too few platelets: intestinal bleeding excess platelets: may be an indication of infraction, inflammation, or cancer. Term erythropoesis (5) Definition formation of red blood cells --formed with kidneys detection drop in RBC count (lack of O2) --kidneys release EPO --EPO enters bloodstream & activates hemotocytoblasts (bone marrow) --then iniations production of more RBS --RBS last 120 days health person= 65 million/sec Term white blood cells (leukocytes) Definition --5 major types (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) --distinguished by size & staining properties --produced by stem cells in bone marrow --retains their nuclues --normal ratio RBC to WBC: 500:1 WBC count should be about 5000mm3 counts below this indicate damage to marrow cells --counts of 10,000 mm3 indicate infection --counts of 100,000mm3 is a symptom of leukemia Term white blood cells (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes lymphocytes) Definition neutrophils--most nuermous WBC; functions by engulfing & invading microorganisms ( bacteria) phagocytosis basophils--involved in release of hepasin, histamine & seratonin @ infection sites to prevent clotting and initiate inflammation response eosinophils--involvedin inflammatory response, eso from parasitic infection lymphocytes--produced in lymph & bone tissue, released antibodyes to fight pathogens & toxins, may survive for years. monocytes --activated @ infection site. chnage to macraophage & functions as neurophil to attack compounds pound to antibodies. Term vitK (2) Definition --bacteria in gut & veggies --coenzymes that speed up metabolic processes Term formed elements Definition Term sarcoplasmic reticulum Definition Term plasma proteins Definition Term perimysium Definition each fasciculus is wrapped in a fibrous sheath called perimysium Term endomysium Definition thin covering of each muscle fiber Term tendon Definition muscle to bone Term ligament Definition bone to bone Term myosin/actin Definition myson-thick actin-thin proteins Term active site Definition each actin has one. crossbridge of the mysoin filaments bind when muscle contracts Term origin/insertion Definition origin--point of attachment on immoveable bone insertion--point of attachment on moveable bone Term formed elements Definition blood = plasma, RBC, WBC, & platelets Term pulmonary circulation Definition pumps blood to the lungs 25/8 blood pressure (right) Term Systemic circulation Definition pumps blood to the body 120/80 blood pressure (left side) Term cardiac cycle * Definition -- atria are relaxed & blood enters them through venous pressure . the atria then contracts weakly & forces blood into ventricles -- ventricles contract & force blood out of heart. into arteries Term systole & disastole Definition systole -- contraction of heart muscle disastole--relaxation of heart muscle disastole -- 800mm Hg Term anatomy of the heart (9) Definition --muscle about the size of 1-2 fists --pericardium:covers the heart --myoardium: composed of cardiac muscle. forced to pump blood --endocardium: made up same stuff as blood & lymphs --septum separates right & left halves --heart is furthur divided into upper & lower chambers --upper chamber: atrium: receives blood from veins --lower chamber: ventricle pumps blood to arteries going to lungs or body Term heart valves (6) Definition --membranous valves separate the 4 chambers of the heart -they regular blood flow --atroventricular valves separate the atria & ventricles --simillunar valves separate tyhe heart from the vessels that lead to & away from it --valves open only in direction of bloodflow & prevent back flow --they are regulared by the pressure on either side Term atrioventricular valves (6) Definition --2 atrioventricular valves each with specific structures --the tricuspid valve is comprised of 3 casps ( parts) & separates the right atrium from the right ventricle --the bicuspid valve has 2 cusps & separates the left atrium from the legft ventricle --as the atria contract, blood is forced from the atria through the tricuspid & bicuspid valves to the ventricle --papillary muscles & chardea tendinea prevents valves from evertiring Term semilunar valves (5) Definition --called semilunar because of their shape --they separate the heart from the vessels leading away from it --the pulmonary semilunar valve is a one-way valve located in the pulmonary artery which carries blood from the heart to the lungs --the aorta semilnunar valve is located in the aorta which carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body Term SA node Definition --sinatrial node & controls heartbeat --located in the wall of the right atrium "pacemaker" --capable of independent depolarization --causes the atria muscles to contract --delay in signal transmission: heart beat -- Term AV node Definition --atrioventricular node. stimulates the ventricles to contract simultaneously