Term
| function of skeletal muscle (4) |
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Definition
-produces movement to help us survive.
-maintains posture
-supports soft tissue
-makes breathing, digestion, circulation, & waste elimination possible
-makes heat to maintain body temp |
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Definition
| covers the outside of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
-shortens when muscles contract
-between 2 Zlines
-functional unit of the skeletal muscle system
-2 actin filaments overlap a thicker myosin filament
-cross bridges of the myosin filament bind with the action filament & z lines move toward one another causing a contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle -- fasciculus -- cells -- myofibrils -- myofilaments (actin & myosin) |
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Term
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Definition
-middle of the I band. contains actin vinding proteins
-defines the sarcomere |
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Definition
| composed of protein and connects the centers of the myosin filaments |
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Definition
| composed of actin filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of myosin filaments |
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Term
| mechanism of muscle contraction (12) |
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Definition
-myofibril shortens with actin & myson slide over each other
-the length of these filaments do not change
-z lines move toeward each other as actin & myosin slide toward the center of the sarcomere
-then the sarcomere shortens
-when a series of sarcomeres shorten, the whole muscle shortens, & the muscle contracts
-sliding actin between the myosin & actin is accomplished when knoblike projections of the myosin filament bind with the actin filament
-ATP provides the energy to make cross bridges move
- muscles contract when CA are released from the sarcomere reticulum & relax when the ions are reabsorbded
-each actin molecule has an active site
-the cross bridge of the myosin filament binds when the muscle contracts
-when CA is released into sarcoplasm, troponin shofts towards it, binds to it, & changes shape pulling the tropomyosin off the active site
-myosin cross bridges bind to exposed active site & the muscle contracts |
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Definition
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Definition
| holds the tropomyosins in place |
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Term
| neuromuscular junction (4) |
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Definition
-nerve cells that stimulate muscle fibers are called motor neurons
-motor neurons extend into muscles through many fine branches
-where neuran & muscle meet is called a meuromuscular junction
-the neuron fiber & muscle fiber together are called a motor unit |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| the muscles--facial (epicranius, orbiculuaris occuli, orbicularis oris, masseter) |
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Definition
epicranius--surprise or horror
orbiculuaris occuli--winking & blinking
orbicularis oris--controls our lips
masseter--chewing capabilities |
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Term
| diseases of the muscles--pulled tendon |
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Definition
| where the muscle/tendon connetion is partially or completely separated from the bone. may require surgery. |
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Term
| diseases of the muscles--contusions |
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Definition
| where a blood vessel breaks within a muscle causing a bruise |
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Term
| diseases of the muscles--hernia |
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Definition
| a tear or rupture in the muscle allowing an organ or blood vessel to protrude through the muscle wall |
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Term
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Definition
big one--sternocleidomastoid
the 2 stern.'s on the side of the neck enable neck movement |
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Term
| the muscles--abdominal(rectus abdominus, external oblique) |
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Definition
rectus abdominus--supports internal organs & flexes trunk.
external oblique--compresses abdomen & rotates & flexes the vertebral column |
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Term
| the muscles--pectoralis major |
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Definition
| chest muscle, adducts & rotates supper arm |
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Term
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Definition
| lowel neck, supper back, raises shoulder |
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Definition
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Term
| the muscles--arm (biceps & triceps & brachloradialis) |
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Definition
biceps--upper arm, flexes & rotates arm outward
triceps--upper arm. extends arm
brachloradialis--major muscle of forearm. flexes forearm |
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Term
| the muscles--gluteus maximus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius |
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Term
| the muscles--gastrocnemius |
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Definition
| flexes lower leg & extends foot |
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Definition
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Definition
-transports gases, nutrients, hormones, & metabolic waste
-regulares pH (potential of H)
-stabilizes body temp
-contains enzymes/proteins to repair vessel damage
-carries white blood cells to defend against pathogens & toxins |
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Term
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Definition
--have no nucleus
-their constant movement through vessels cause damage
-they do not have mitochondira or ribosomes, & cannot carry out repairs. short lived.
-- are made by stem cells in bone marrow
--shape increases it's O2 carrying capacity
--transports O2 by means of hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
--hemoglobin is a complex protein composed of 4 polypettide chains
--each hemo group = iron atoms that atrract O2
--the hemoglobin molecule readily combines with O2 to form oxyhemoglobin
--this gives blood it's red color |
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Term
| blood composition (plasma, platelets, blood cells) |
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Definition
plasma = 90% water.
7% blood proteins
(albummin--regulates osmotic conditions of the blood
globulin--transports lipis such as cholesetrol & fat. soluable vitamins.
fibrinogen=-a protein essential for blood clotting.)
3% gases, ions, hormones, & variuos nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
--also called thrombocytes
--small colorless disc shaped fragments formed from cytoplasm of WBCs
--produced in the bone marrrow
--clotting consists of several steps when a blood vessel is cut or damaged
--platelets help the clotting process. platelets plug the hole.
--damaged tissue releases a lipoprotein called tissue factor
--tissue combines with thromboplastin
--fibrinogen is converted to fibrin
--chemical reactions end with a scab/clot
needs CA & vitK |
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Term
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Definition
--smooth muscle constricts to reduce blood flow
--platelets clot hole
--serotonin constricts the vessels
--coagulation phase, fibrinogen converted to fibrin
--fibrin forms clot, pulling wound together to stop bleeding
--tissue may now repair itself |
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Term
| blood clot disorders-- hemophilia, heart attack, stroke, thrombus, embolism, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis |
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Definition
hemophilia--genetic disorder of clotting factors
--clot on brain---stroke
--clot on heart: heart attack
--traveling clot: embolism
--thrombus:blood clot on a vessel wall
thrombocytopenia: too few platelets: intestinal bleeding
excess platelets: may be an indication of infraction, inflammation, or cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
formation of red blood cells
--formed with kidneys detection drop in RBC count (lack of O2)
--kidneys release EPO
--EPO enters bloodstream & activates hemotocytoblasts (bone marrow)
--then iniations production of more RBS
--RBS last 120 days
health person= 65 million/sec |
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Term
| white blood cells (leukocytes) |
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Definition
--5 major types (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes)
--distinguished by size & staining properties
--produced by stem cells in bone marrow
--retains their nuclues
--normal ratio RBC to WBC: 500:1
WBC count should be about 5000mm3
counts below this indicate damage to marrow cells
--counts of 10,000 mm3 indicate infection
--counts of 100,000mm3 is a symptom of leukemia |
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Term
| white blood cells (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes lymphocytes) |
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Definition
neutrophils--most nuermous WBC; functions by engulfing & invading microorganisms ( bacteria) phagocytosis
basophils--involved in release of hepasin, histamine & seratonin @ infection sites to prevent clotting and initiate inflammation response
eosinophils--involvedin inflammatory response, eso from parasitic infection
lymphocytes--produced in lymph & bone tissue, released antibodyes to fight pathogens & toxins, may survive for years.
monocytes --activated @ infection site. chnage to macraophage & functions as neurophil to attack compounds pound to antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
--bacteria in gut & veggies
--coenzymes that speed up metabolic processes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| each fasciculus is wrapped in a fibrous sheath called perimysium |
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Definition
| thin covering of each muscle fiber |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
myson-thick
actin-thin
proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| each actin has one. crossbridge of the mysoin filaments bind when muscle contracts |
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Term
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Definition
origin--point of attachment on immoveable bone
insertion--point of attachment on moveable bone |
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Definition
| blood = plasma, RBC, WBC, & platelets |
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Term
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Definition
pumps blood to the lungs
25/8 blood pressure (right) |
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Term
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Definition
pumps blood to the body
120/80 blood pressure (left side) |
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Term
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Definition
-- atria are relaxed & blood enters them through venous pressure . the atria then contracts weakly & forces blood into ventricles
-- ventricles contract & force blood out of heart. into arteries |
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Term
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Definition
systole -- contraction of heart muscle
disastole--relaxation of heart muscle
disastole -- 800mm Hg |
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Term
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Definition
--muscle about the size of 1-2 fists
--pericardium:covers the heart
--myoardium: composed of cardiac muscle. forced to pump blood
--endocardium: made up same stuff as blood & lymphs
--septum separates right & left halves
--heart is furthur divided into upper & lower chambers
--upper chamber: atrium: receives blood from veins
--lower chamber: ventricle pumps blood to arteries going to lungs or body |
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Term
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Definition
--membranous valves separate the 4 chambers of the heart
-they regular blood flow
--atroventricular valves separate the atria & ventricles
--simillunar valves separate tyhe heart from the vessels that lead to & away from it
--valves open only in direction of bloodflow & prevent back flow
--they are regulared by the pressure on either side |
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Term
| atrioventricular valves (6) |
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Definition
--2 atrioventricular valves each with specific structures
--the tricuspid valve is comprised of 3 casps ( parts) & separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
--the bicuspid valve has 2 cusps & separates the left atrium from the legft ventricle
--as the atria contract, blood is forced from the atria through the tricuspid & bicuspid valves to the ventricle
--papillary muscles & chardea tendinea prevents valves from evertiring |
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Term
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Definition
--called semilunar because of their shape
--they separate the heart from the vessels leading away from it
--the pulmonary semilunar valve is a one-way valve located in the pulmonary artery which carries blood from the heart to the lungs
--the aorta semilnunar valve is located in the aorta which carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
--sinatrial node & controls heartbeat
--located in the wall of the right atrium "pacemaker"
--capable of independent depolarization
--causes the atria muscles to contract
--delay in signal transmission: heart beat
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Term
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Definition
| --atrioventricular node. stimulates the ventricles to contract simultaneously |
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