Term
| 2 systems of venous circulation |
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Definition
1. Systemic venous circulation
2. Portal circulation |
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Term
| Vessels going to sinus venosis |
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Definition
Paired branches of the
1. Vitelline veins
2. Umbilical veins
3. Common Cardinal veins (have anterior and posterior branches)
Order is from medial to lateral
Initially go to both right and left horns of the sinus venosis |
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Term
| Development of the Vitelline veins |
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Definition
1. Originate in the yolk sac capillary plexus.
2. Capillaries coalesce to form vitelline veins prior to entering sinus venosis left and right horns.
3. At same time, liver cells start forming buds at the septum transversum.
4. Liver buds and left and right vitelline veins merge to form hepatic sinusoids.
5. Left vitelline vein disappears, causes enlargement of the right branch (now called the right hepatocardiac channel). Goes on to form distal IVC.
6. Most veins downstream of the liver regress. Remaining vein goes on to form the portal vein and the superior mesenteric vein (drains midgut). |
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Term
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Definition
Carry blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosis.
Originate in the yolk sac capillary plexus.
1st vessel formed since the yolk sac is present in the early embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
Originate in choroid plexus
Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the sinus venosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Divides body into abdominal and thorax regions. |
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Term
| Major theme in venous development |
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Definition
| The right venous branch is dominant since right atrium drains venous blood. Veins start off paired at midline, but left branch commonly disappears. However, the left side of the body still needs to be drained, so the left side needs to establish a connection to the right before it disappears. |
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Term
| Right hepatocardiac channel |
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Definition
| Origin is the right vitelline vein. Created when the left vitelline vein disappears and channels its blood to the right vitelline. The right vitelline then enlarges to become the right hepatocardiac vein. Ductus venosis drains into right hepatocardiac. Eventually forms the distal portion of the IVC (between liver and the heart). |
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Term
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Definition
| Drains blood from GI tract to hepatic sinusoids. |
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Term
| Major derivatives of the right vitelline veins |
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Definition
1. Hepatic sinusoids
2. Portal vein and Superior Mesenteric Vein
3. Terminal IVC |
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Term
| Development of the umbilical veins |
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Definition
1. Start off as paired structures on either side of the liver.
2. Right branch disappears (exception)
3. Left branch carries ocygenated blood from placenta to the liver.
4. Bypasses liver through ductus venosis shunt.
5. Ductus venosis connects to right hepatocardiac channel to bring blood to the heart.
6. Becomes ligamentum venosis after birth.
7. Umbilical vein becomes ligamentum teres after birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects left umbilical vein to right hepatocardiac vein. Becomes ligamentum venosis after birth. |
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Term
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Definition
Have anterior and posterior cardinal veins.
Anterior portion drains upper extremity, posterior drains lower. |
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Term
| Development of anterior cardinal veins |
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Definition
1. Both initially drain upper extremity of the body.
2. Proximal left cardinal vein regresses with left horn of the sinus venosis. Remnant is the oblique vein (left horn) that drains blood from left atrium to coronary sinus (anterior left cardinal vein).
3. Disconnected portion of left anterior cardinal vein then reconnects on right anterior cardinal veins (anastamosis)to form the left brachiocephalic vein. Causes blood from left extremity to be channeled on right side.
Distal portions of both branches end up developing into the internal jugular veins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops from left anterior cardinal vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from left horn of sinus venosus. |
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Term
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Definition
Embryological defect caused by failure of the left anterior cardinal vein to obliterate. Stays attached the left horn of the sinus venosis and anastamoses onto the right anterior cardinal vein to form the left brachiocephalic.
Causes different drainage into atrium: Left brachiocephalic->Left IVC->Coronary sinus-> Right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
Embryological defect where the left anterior cardinal vein fails to obliterate from the left horn of the sinus venosis and fails to anastamos to the right anterior cardinal vein to form the left brachiocephalic vein. Left anterior cardinal=left SVC
Right anterior cardinal=right SVC |
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Term
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Definition
1. Right common cardinal vein
2. Proximal right anterior cardinal vein (where left brachiocephalic vein enters) |
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Term
| Major derivatives of the anterior cardinal veins |
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Definition
1. Proximal left anterior cardinal vein= coronary sinus
2. Proximal right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal veins=SVC
3. Middle left anterior cardinal vein and middle right anterior cardinal vein= left brachiocephalic
4. Distal portions of right and left anterior cardinal veins= jugular veins |
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Term
| Development of the posterior cardinal veins |
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Definition
| Supplemented and later replaced by the supracardinal (drains body wall) and subcardinal (kidneys and gonads) veins that run parallel. |
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Term
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Definition
Develop parallel to posterior cardinal veins, paired veins drain the body wall.
Sprout from posterior cardinal veins and run medial to subcardinal veins. Collects blood from the intercostal veins. |
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Term
| Development of the abdominal supracardinal veins |
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Definition
1. Sprout from posterior cardinal veins and run medial to subcardinal veins. Collects blood from the intercostal veins.
2. Left supracardinal vein obliterates.
3. Right supracardinal vein anastamoses with the right subcardinal vein to form IVC below to kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| Embryological defect where the left supracardinal vein doesn't obliterate. |
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Term
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Definition
Right thoracic supracardinal vein. Intercostal veins drain into this branch.
Serves as backup venous system that bypasses IVC.
Left side=hemiazygos |
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Term
| Development of supracardinal veins in the chest |
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Definition
1. Right supracardinal vein becomes azygos vein, connects with SVC. Serves as backup system that bypasses IVC.
2. Left thoracic supracardinal vein stays patent (hemiazygos), disconnects from left posterior cardinal vein to reconnect to right supracardinal vein. Completes Azygous sytem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Backup system to IVC, can bypass IVC and drain lower extremities if IVC is occluded. Made up of right supracardinal vein (major) and left thoracic supracardinal vein (minor). |
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Term
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Definition
Forms parallel and medial to posterior cardinal veins, paired veins supply kidneys and gonads.
1. Left side involutes.
2. Right subcardinal becomes IVC between kidneys and gonads, joins right vitelline vein. |
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Term
| Absent IVC between liver and kidney |
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Definition
| Right subcardinal vein fails to connect to liver. The backup azygous system kicks in to drain lower extremity. |
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Term
| Sacrocardinal (posterior cardinal) vein |
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Definition
Created by fusion of left and right posterior cardinal veins.
Gives rise to sacral portion of IVC by connecting to right supracardinal vein and common iliac veins |
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Term
| Posterior cardinal vein branches |
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Definition
1. Subcardinal
2. Supracardinal
3. Sacrocardinal |
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Term
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Definition
From superior to inferior
1. Right vitelline (heart to liver)
2. Subcardinal (liver to kidneys)
3. Supracardinal (inferior to kidneys)
4. Posterior cardinal/sacrocardinal (sacral segment) |
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Term
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Definition
Develop from splanchnopleuric mesoderm like blood vessels
Has
1. Jugular lymph sac
2. Retroperitoneal lymph sac
3. Cisterna Chyli
4. Posterior lymph sac |
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Term
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Definition
| Drains into the paired thoracic ducts that empty into the venous system at the intersection of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jugular lymph sac swells and compresses airway. Need to perform C section, keep umbilical cord intact so baby has air, and then operate. |
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