Term
| Defining characteristics of Fungi |
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Definition
- Eukaryotes
- Have plasma membrane that contains ergosterol
- Have cell wall containing chitins, gluons and manna
- Lack chlorophyll (unlike algae)
- usually produce asexually AND sexually |
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Term
| How do we characterize fungi in medicine |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main yeasts we see in clinic? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Single celled
- Reproduce by budding
- Elongate, to form chains of cells (pseudohyphae)
- Look like bacteria on routine media and often grown in 24 hours at 37 degrees C and in liquid media |
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Term
| Characteristics of Mold (filamentous fungi) |
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Definition
- Multicellular
- Form hyphae with cross walls or not
- Specialized structures produce asexual spores |
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Term
| What does septate and septate mean? |
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Definition
| having cross walls or not |
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Term
| What role does fungi play in disease? |
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Definition
- Superficial growth on the body's surface
- Invasion of deeper structures
- Allergic reactions to colonization
- Poisonings vis ingestion of fungal toxins |
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Term
| What is the most common yeast associated with human disease? |
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Definition
Candida
(particularly C. albicans) |
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Term
| Who gets Candida infections? |
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Definition
- neoates (they have immature flora and immune system)
- adults (esp. those with diabetes)
- Immune defects (steroid use)
- People who are taking antibiotics that kill competing organisms |
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Term
The oral candida infections include:
Thrush, Stomatitis, Cheilitis, and esophagitis. What do you know about these? |
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Definition
- Stomatitis = denture sore mouth
- Cheiltis = causes angular erosions (chapped corners of lips)
- Esophagitis - occurs in the immune compromised host |
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Term
The oral candida infections include:
Thrush, Stomatitis, Cheilitis, and esophagitis. What do you know about these? |
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Definition
- Stomatitis = denture sore mouth
- Cheiltis = causes angular erosions (chapped corners of lips)
- Esophagitis - occurs in the immune compromised host |
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Term
| What kind of cutaneous candida infections can you get? |
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Definition
- Intertrigo: damp areas of the body such as skin folds
- Diaper rash: poor hygiene, super infection of chemical irritation |
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Term
| What other mucocutaneous candida infections can occur that we didn't mention in these cards yet? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of systemic candida infections can you get? |
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Definition
- Urinary tract (catheters!!)
- Blood stream (IVs!)
- Liver and spleen in severely Imunnosuppressed pts. |
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Term
| Is cryptococcus encapsulated? |
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Definition
| YES (this was a leading question) |
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Term
| How is cryptococcus neoformans transmitted? |
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Definition
| Environmental sources such as bird droppings |
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Term
| It is uncommon for cryptococcus to cause ____ but it is important clinically to know that it can |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- A type of superficial mold
- closely related group of keratolytic fungi
--> keratoylic means they attack skin, hair and nails |
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Term
| What are some causes of superficial mold infections (Dermatophytes)? |
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Definition
- minor trauma
- occlusion (air not able to dry skin... ex: shoes)
- moisture (reduces harshness of skin env.) |
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Term
| What are some clinical features of superficial mold? |
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Definition
| - Red, scaly, rash may have pustules, with central clearing and migrating margin |
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Term
| What are some clinical features of superficial mold? |
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Definition
| - Red, scaly, rash may have pustules, with central clearing and migrating margin |
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Term
| What are some common names used by people to describe their mold infections? |
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Definition
Ringworm
Athlete's foot
Jock itch |
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Term
What body parts do these tinea infections refer to?
a) Cruris
b) Capitus
c) Barbae
d) Pedis |
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Definition
a) crotch
b) scalp
c) bearded area of face and neck
d) feet |
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Term
| How do superficial fungal infections get spread? |
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Definition
- desquamated skin
- contaminating fomites
- animals and soil
(note: rarely by direct person to person contact) |
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Term
| If a superficial fungal infection creates breaks in the skin, what is the risk? |
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Definition
| the development of cellulitis |
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Term
| What do tinea infections and Christmas have in common? |
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Definition
| If you look at a skin scraping under a microscope it looks like a string of white christmas tree lights |
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Term
| What is the causative agent of Tinea (Pityriasis) versicolor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does Malassezia furfur flourish? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the clinical presentation of Pityriasis? |
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Definition
| - Superficial over (hyper) or under (hypo) pigmented lesions with itching and occasional pustules |
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Term
| What are the two divisions of moods that commonly cause invasive infection? |
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Definition
1. Opportunistic fungi (that occur widely)
2. Geographically defined "dimorphic fungi" |
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Term
| What IS a dimorphic fungi? |
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Definition
| one that exists as yeast in the body (at body temperature) but exist as a fungi (at room temperature) in the environment |
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Term
| What was the example given for opportunistic fungi? |
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Definition
| Aspergillum species (especially A. fumigatuts) |
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Term
| Explain what you know about the epidemiology of opportunistic fungi. |
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Definition
- they are widespread and spores are commonly present in the air
- a predisposition to disease is immunosuppression |
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Term
| Explain what you know about the epidemiology of opportunistic fungi such as Asperigillus. |
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Definition
- they are widespread and spores are commonly present in the air
- a predisposition to disease is immunosuppression |
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Term
| What are some clinical presentations of opportunistic fungi like Aspergillus? |
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Definition
- Allergic bronchiopulmonary aspergillosis
- Fungal ball
- Invasive disease (of tissues, or pneumonia) |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of allergic bronchiopulmonary aspergillosis like and where does the fungus grow? |
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Definition
- they are asthma like symptoms
- Fungus grows in bronchial secretions |
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Term
| Where do fungal balls develop? |
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Definition
| In cavities such as the lungs or sinuses |
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Term
| What are some examples of dimorphic fungi? |
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Definition
- Histoplasma
- Blastomyces
- Coccidiomyces |
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Term
| Explain how the Histoplasma capsulatum infect the host? |
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Definition
- spores are inhaled and germinate in the lug
- germinating spores are ingested by macrophages in which they can grow
- only small proportion of people infected develop disease |
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Term
| If someone is immune compromised, what can happen if they get infected with Histoplasma capsulatum? |
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Definition
| the yeast form can disseminate throughout the body |
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Term
| How do we diagnose fungal infections? |
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Definition
- clinical suspicion
- microscopy of skin, nails, hair, tissues, urine etc.
- cultures
- pathologic exams
- antigens in blood and fluids |
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Term
| What kind of anti fungal agents are at our disposal? |
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Definition
1. Systemic (can be given orally for superficial and invasive infection or by IV for invasive infections)
2. Topical for mucosal and skin infections |
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Term
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Definition
| they bind particularly ergosterol (a fungal membrane forming a pore) |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol synthesis |
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Term
| What do echinocandins do? |
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Definition
| inhibit cell wall gluten biosynthesis |
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