Term
| 6 steps in the PROCESS of ADMINISTERING MEDICATIONS |
|
Definition
1. I.D. the patient using 2 qualifiers
2. Inform the patient
3. Administer the medications using the first 5 rights (right patient, drug, dose, route, time)
4. Provide adjunct interventions as needed (proper positioning for injection)
5. Record medication administered
6. Evaluate patient response to medication |
|
|
Term
| 7 Assessments to make PRIOR to MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION (Shortened version) |
|
Definition
1. Allergies
2. Ability to swallow
3. Presence of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
4. Drug actions, side/adverse effects, interaction with other drugs
5. Patient knowledge
6. Perform approp. assess's (labs, VS, etc)
7. Determine if it should be given or held |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of medications that HAVE TO BE DOUBLE CHECKED by another licensed person BEFORE administering? |
|
Definition
1. Anticoagulants
2. Insulins
3. Digoxin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PO
1) Stands for?
2) Route? |
|
Definition
1. Per Os > latin
2. Mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Intradermal
2. Into dermis; under the epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Intramuscular
2. Directly into a muscle --> injections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Per Rectum
2. Rectally (ya think?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Per Rectum
2. Rectally (ya think?) |
|
|
Term
| A "TRANSDERMAL" medication is administered how? |
|
Definition
| A patch or gel on skin (i.e. nicotine/birth control patches) |
|
|
Term
| Medical Term for Medications taken in the EYE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy |
|
|
Term
SC
1) Stands for?
2) Route? |
|
Definition
1. Subcutaneous
2. Just below skin in the subcutaneous tissue |
|
|
Term
SC
1) Stands for?
2) Route? |
|
Definition
1. Subcutaneous
2. Just below skin in the subcutaneous tissue |
|
|
Term
IV
1) Stands for?
2) Route? |
|
Definition
1) Intravenous
2) Directly into a vein |
|
|
Term
SL
1) Stands for?
2) Route? |
|
Definition
1. Sublingual
2. Under the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Medical term for Medications taken in the EAR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the Nares or I could just say up the nose with a rubber hose...ok now I'm just getting tired... |
|
|
Term
TOP
1) Stands for?
2) Route? |
|
Definition
1) Topical
2) SURFACE area of the skin, wound, etc. |
|
|
Term
INH
1) Stands for?
2) Route? |
|
Definition
1) Inhalation
2) Respiratory tract (nebulizers, asthma inhalers, etc) |
|
|
Term
| What are a PATIENT's 2 RIGHTS in regards to Medication Administration (As per Prof. DiP's packet, not book) |
|
Definition
1) Right to be educated about all medications being taken
2) Right to refuse |
|
|
Term
| 7 RIGHTS of Medication Administration? (As per Prof. DiP's packet, not book) |
|
Definition
1. Right Patient
2. Right Drug
3. Right Dose
4. Right Route
5. Right Time
6. Right Reason
7. Right Documentation |
|
|
Term
Most BIOTRANSFORMATION/Detoxication/Metabolism takes place where in the body?
Whereas EXCRETION occurs mainly through what part of the body? |
|
Definition
Biotransformation - LIVER
Excretion - KIDNEYS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pharmacology - the study of the effect of drugs on living organisms
Pharmacy - the art of preparing, compounding and dispensing drugs |
|
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Term
| 4 Factors that can influence the STRENGTH/ACTIVITY of PLANT derived medications? |
|
Definition
1. AGE of the plant
2. VARIETY of the plant
3. PLACE in which it was bred
4. The METHOD by which it is preserved |
|
|
Term
GENERIC
v.
OFFICIAL
v.
CHEMICAL
v.
TRADE
NAMES for Medications? |
|
Definition
1. GENERIC NAME - given before a drug becomes officially an approved medication; generally used throughout the drug's use. Example: AMOXICILLIN
2. OFFICIAL NAME - name under which it is listed in an official publication. Ex: Amoxil
3. CHEMICAL NAME: name by which a chemist knows it; describes the constituents of the drug precisely. Ex:(2S,5R,6R)- 6-{[(2R)-2-amino- 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- acetyl]amino}- 3,3-dimethyl- 7-oxo- 4-thia- 1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane- 2-carboxylic acid
4. TRADE NAME - name given by the drug manufacturer(s). Ex: Amoxil, Dispermox, Trimox = all amoxicillin) |
|
|
Term
| If a nurse administers a dosage/medication that the physician wrote incorrectly, is he/she also legally responsible for the error? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2 Examples of
LABORATORY SYNTHESIZED
medications? |
|
Definition
SULFONAMIDES (Antimicrobial drugs)
&
PROPOXYPHENE HYDROCHLORIDE (Narcotic analgesic - pain killer) |
|
|
Term
| 2 Examples of ANIMAL/HUMAN derived medications? |
|
Definition
INSULIN (Diabetes control)
&
VACCINES |
|
|
Term
| 2 Examples of PLANT derived medications? |
|
Definition
DIGITALIS (treats heart diseases)
&
OPIUM (Morphine, Codeine; pain killers) |
|
|
Term
| 2 Examples of MINERAL medications? |
|
Definition
IRON (anemia, pregnancy)
&
SODIUM CHLORIDE (in IV's to replenish water & electrolytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A severe allergic reaction which usually occurs immediately after the administration of the drug. **CAN BE FATAL if not spotted and/or treated promptly** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time interval required for the body's elimination processes to reduce the concentration of the drug in the body by one-half |
|
|
Term
4 Early Signs/Symptoms of an
ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION? |
|
Definition
1) Patient feels swelling in mouth & tongue
2) Acute Shortness of Breath
3) Acute Hypotension
4) Tachycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease caused unintentionally by medical/drug therapy |
|
|
Term
| Narcotics depress the __________ Center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 10 Factors other than the drug itself that can affect it's action: |
|
Definition
1) Pregnancy (1st trimester highest risk for fetus)
2) Age (Infants & Elders especially)
3) Gender
4) Culture, ethnicity
5) Genetics
6) Diet
7) Environment (negative, also hot or cold)
8) Psychologic Factors (what client thinks the meds will do/won't do)
9) Existing Illness & Disease
10) Timing of Administration (on empty stomach, after eating, etc) |
|
|
Term
| ANY decrease in the ability of the LIVER to METABOLIZE medication can lead to? |
|
Definition
| Accumulation of drug in blood stream; puts client at risk for toxic effects and adverse reactions |
|
|
Term
| When a drug enters the bloodstream where is it carried to first? |
|
Definition
| The most vascular organs - LIVER, KIDNEYS & BRAIN |
|
|
Term
| 4 Steps of a Drug's Movement through the Body |
|
Definition
1) Absorption
2) Distribution
3) Biotransformation
4) Excretion |
|
|
Term
Define
PLATEAU
as related to Drug Actions |
|
Definition
| A maintained concentration of a drug in the plasma during a series of scheduled doses. |
|
|
Term
Define
PEAK PLASMA LEVEL
as related to Drug Actions |
|
Definition
| The highest plasma level achieved by a single dose when the elimination rate of a drug equals the absorption rate |
|
|
Term
Define
ONSET OF ACTION
as related to Drug Actions |
|
Definition
| The time after administration when the body intially responds to the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unpredictable, unexplainable and unexpected effect of a drug on a particular client. May be individual to that client (i.e. no one else reacts that way to the drug) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When two different drugs increase the action of one or another drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs when the administration of one drug (before, after or with) another drug alters the effect of one or both drugs.
Increased effect of one or both = POTENTIATING EFFECT
Decreased effect of one or both = INHIBITING EFFECT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The increasing response to repeated doses of a drug that occurs when the rate of administration EXCEEDS the rate of metabolism or excretion
(Drug Build Up in the body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exists in a person who has unusually low physiologic response to a drug & who requires increases in the dosage to maintain therapeutic effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-An immunologic reaction to a drug; body reacts to drug as an antigen and thus develops symptoms of an allergic reaction
- Can be MILD (Rash, diarrhea) or
SEVERE (Anaphylactic --> Fatal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deleterious effect of a drug on an organism or tissue
-Results from OVERDOSAGE, INGESTION OF A DRUG MEANT FOR EXTERNAL USE, and BUILD UP of the drug in body |
|
|
Term
SUBLINGUAL
MEDICATIONS SHOULD NOT BE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4 Types of Medication Orders
(in regards to timing/when they can be given) |
|
Definition
1) STAT order - given immediately & only once
2) SINGLE order - one-time order for medication to be given once at a specified time
3) STANDING order - may or may not have termination date; may be carried out indefinitely until an order is written to cancel it. Also may be carried out for a specified number of days.
4) PRN order - as needed; permits nurse to give medications when, in the nurse's judgment, the client requires it |
|
|
Term
| The INTRAVENOUS method of administering medications is limited to what types of drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medications must be given within _______ minutes of their scheduled time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do not use liquid medications that appear ________ or have changed ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 most common
TYPES of SYRINGES |
|
Definition
1) Hypodermic
2) Insulin
3) Tuberculin |
|
|
Term
| A nurse should ALWAYS assess a client's _______ ________ and obtain a __________ __________ PRIOR to giving any medication |
|
Definition
Health Status &
Medications History |
|
|
Term
The 3 METRIC Units of
WEIGHT
used for
DRUG DOSAGES |
|
Definition
gram (g)
milligram (mg)
microgram (mcg) |
|
|
Term
| An UNSIGNED drug order has NO ____________ & the Doctor/Nurse Practioner NEEDS to be ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "PARENTERAL ROUTE" means Medications are given by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
4 types of TABLETS that
SHOULD NOT BE CRUSHED? |
|
Definition
1) Sustained Action
2) Enteric-coated
3) Buccal
4) Sublingual |
|
|
Term
5 scenarios in which an
ORAL medication should
NOT BE ADMINISTERED? |
|
Definition
1) Client has nausea or vomiting
2) Client has diminished or reduced bowel sounds (i.e. GI tract motility is reduced/absent)
3) Client cannot swallow or is unconscious
4) Client is deemed NPO for any reason
5) Client has gastric/intestinal suction |
|
|
Term
2 Main Physiologic Responses to a
VIRAL INFECTION
are: |
|
Definition
Inflammatory Response
and
Immune Reaction |
|
|
Term
HYPOACTIVE
IMMUNE
RESPONSES
RESULT IN: |
|
Definition
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
DISEASES |
|
|
Term
Hyperactive
Immune Responses
Result in:
 |
|
Definition
Hypersensitivity
Disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A non-specific cellular response to injury meant to serve as a protective function.
Â
or
Â
A defensive reaction intended to neutralize , control or eliminate the offending agent and to prepare the site. |
|
|
Term
5 Systemic Effects
of
INFLAMMATION |
|
Definition
1) FEVER --> Most common one
2) Leukocytosis
3) Malaise
4) Anorexia
5) Sepsis |
|
|
Term
Benson's
RELAXATION
RESPONSE
Â
(Briefly Describe) |
|
Definition
Repeating a word that reflects your basic belief system while in a comfortable position with eyes closed & muscles relaxed.
Â
*Do twice daily; best on empty stomach |
|
|
Term
PROGRESSIVE
MUSCLE
RELAXATION
Â
(Briefly Describe) |
|
Definition
-Tensing and releasing muscles in sequence and sensing the difference in feeling (1st whole body then specific muscle groups)
Â
-Works best lying down in a quiet room breathing easily |
|
|
Term
Hypothalamus
maintains
______________ by controlling
the ________ ___________ of the internal body |
|
Definition
Homeostasis
Â
Chemical Consistency |
|
|
Term
The Hypothalamus
regulates ____________
& many _______________
necessary for survival |
|
Definition
Emotions
Â
Visceral Behaviors (eating, temperature control, defense) |
|
|
Term
The purpose/content of the
DURKHAM-HUMPHREY AMENDMENT? |
|
Definition
| Differentiates which drugs can be sold ONLY WITH A PRESCRIPTION, those that can be sold WITHOUT & those that need a NEW PRESCRIPTION EVERY TIME THEY ARE REFILLED. |
|
|
Term
| The effect of the Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary Response is also called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7 Things that happen in the FIGHT OR FLIGHT
(Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary) response to stress: |
|
Definition
1) Increased heart rate & B/P
2) Increased Blood Glucose level
3) Mental Acuity
4) Dilated Pupils
5) Increased tension of skeletal muscles
6) Increased ventilation (may be rapid & shallow)
7) Increased coagulability of blood |
|
|
Term
Diabetes
Inspidus
Â
1) What is it?
2) What does it cause? |
|
Definition
1) Excess urination (specifically large amounts of diluted urine - 5-10 L/day) caused by a deficiency of ADH
Â
2) Dehydration & increases of Serum NA+ |
|
|
Term
SIADH
Â
1) Stands for?
2) What is it/causes?
3) Why does it occur?
Â
 |
|
Definition
1) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
Â
2) Increased ADH levels which causes decreased NA+ levels and urinary output
Â
3) Lithium may block renal responses to ADH |
|
|
Term
5 possible causes of
Â
DIABETES INSIPIDUS |
|
Definition
1) Brain Trauma
Â
2) Neurosurgery
Â
3) Lithium
Â
4) Adrenal Insufficiency
Â
5) Radiation |
|
|
Term
1) What/When does
TROUSSEAU'S SIGN
occur?
Â
2) What is it indicative of? |
|
Definition
1) A carpal spasm of the hand when a Blood Pressure Cuff is inflated above the systolic pressure for several minutes (usually 3 minutes).
Â
2) Sign of HYPOCALCEMIA |
|
|
Term
4 Common side effects to
OPIOID ANALGESICS |
|
Definition
1) Respiratory Depression and Sedation
2) Nausea & Vomiting
3) Constipation
4) Pruritus |
|
|
Term
What are the 3 general categories of
Â
ANALGESIC AGENTS?
 |
|
Definition
1) OPIOIDS
2) NSAIDS
Â
3) Local Anesthetics
Â
 |
|
|
Term
Define:
Â
BALANCED
Â
ANALGESIA |
|
Definition
| Using more than 1 form of analgesia concurrently to obtain more pain relief with fewer side effects. |
|
|
Term
What happens during the
EXHAUSTION
stage of G.A.S. |
|
Definition
1) Endocrine activity increases (negative effects on body systems)
Â
2) CIRCULATORY, DIGESTIVE & IMMUNE systems especially affected! |
|
|
Term
| 4 things that can cause CHEMICAL injuries to a cell? |
|
Definition
1) Poisons
Â
2) Heavy Metals
Â
3) Drugs
Â
4) Alcohol |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the RESISTANCE stage of G.A.S. |
|
Definition
1) Adaptation to the noxious stressor occurs
2) CORTISOL Activity increased |
|
|
Term
| COMPREHENSIVE DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION & CONTROL ACT (Controlled Substances Act) |
|
Definition
| Categorizes CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES & limits how often a prescription can be filled; established government funded programs to prevent and treat drug abuse. |
|
|
Term
| KEFAUVER-HARRIS AMENDMENT |
|
Definition
| Requires PROOF of SAFETY & EFFICACY of a drug for approval |
|
|
Term
| 3 things CORTISOL does to the body during stress response |
|
Definition
1. Stimulates protein catabolism, releasing amino acids
2. Stimulates liver uptake of amino's an their conversion to glucose.
3. Inhibits glucose uptake by many body cells except those of heart & brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of ADH & ALDOSTERONE during a stress response? |
|
Definition
| They promote sodium and water retention in the event of a possible hemorrhage or loss of fluids caused by excessive perspiration. |
|
|
Term
| Why are endorphins increased during stress? |
|
Definition
| They enhance the threshold for tolerance of painful stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Major Cation (Electrolyte) in the Extracellular Fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major cation (Electrolyte) in Intracellular Fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do NEGATIVE FEEDBACK mechanisms do? |
|
Definition
| Monitor the internal environment & RESTORE HOMEOSTASIS when conditions shift out of the normal range. |
|
|
Term
| 5 EXAMPLES of NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Mechanisms in the body? |
|
Definition
1) Blood Pressure
2) Acid-Base Balance
3) Blood Glucose Level
4) Body Temperature
5) Fluid & Electrolyte Balance |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a POSITIVE FEEDBACK mechanism within the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Maintenance Function of a cell
vs.
The Specialized Function of a cell |
|
Definition
MAINTENANCE FUNCTION - refers to the activities that the cell must perform with respect to itself.
SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS are those the cell performs in relation to the tissues/organs for which it is a part. |
|
|
Term
| 5 CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS to STRESS? (What happens to cells?) |
|
Definition
1) HYPERTROPHY-increase in cell size -> increased organ size
2) ATROPHY - shrinkage of cell size -> Decreased organ size
3) HYPERPLASIA - increase in # of new cells; stops when stimulus is removed
4) DYSPLASIA - bizarre changes in the appearance of cells
5) METAPLASIA - transformation of 1 cell type to another. |
|
|
Term
| 3 most common causes of CELL INJURY? |
|
Definition
HYPOXIA
CHEMICAL INJURY
INFECTIOUS AGENT |
|
|
Term
5 cardinal signs of
INFLAMMATION |
|
Definition
1)Redness
2) Heat
3) Swelling
4) Pain
5) Loss of Function |
|
|
Term
RADIATION decreases the protective
___________________ response of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PHYSIO STEPS Of STRESS? (What gets activated when?) |
|
Definition
1. Sympathetic Nervous System discharge: NOREPINEPHRINE RELEASED --->
2) Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary discharge: NOREPHINEPHRINE & EPINEPHRINE RELEASED ---->
3) Hypothalamic-pituitary-system discharge: ACTH production increases & this in turn increases production of Glucocoticoids (specifically CORTISOL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC
HORMONE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) ALARM
2) RESISTANCE
3) EXHAUSTION |
|
|
Term
| If stress becomes cyclic, this can created? |
|
Definition
| Hypertension and hyperthermia (among others, but she stressed these) |
|
|
Term
| Bladder distension caused by Stress can can itself cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normally, (without Alzheimer's/Dementia) people only lose what type of memory loss with age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal urine output per hour is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the
KUBLER-ROSS 5 stages of grief? |
|
Definition
1) Denial
2) Anger
3) Bargaining
4) Depression
5) Acceptance |
|
|
Term
| The D, H, & V of a dosage calculation stand for? How is the calculation (problem) set up? |
|
Definition
D-Desired Dose
H-Amount on Hand
V-Volume or Amount to be given
Set up: D/H X V = X |
|
|
Term
| Selye's definition of STRESS? |
|
Definition
| A NON-SPECIFIC response to DIVERSE, NOXIOUS STIMULI |
|
|
Term
| One of the biggest differences between Grief & Depression? |
|
Definition
Grief is TEMPORARY; and the person can verbalize/express to you why they are sad.
Depression can be temporary or LONG STANDING & the person usually cannot specify why they are sad. |
|
|
Term
| T.C.D.B. means? When is it used? |
|
Definition
This is an acronym for POST-OP EXERCISES:
T-Turn
C-Cough
D-Deep
B-Breath |
|
|
Term
| To know if a physician/surgeon has ordered adequete fluid replacement IV therapy for your patient (you are the post-op nurse); what do you need to know from the attending RN/attending Surgeon (those that were in the surgery?) |
|
Definition
The patient's EBL
ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS |
|
|
Term
| What is a common early sign of HYPOXIA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Post-op What must you report IMMEDIATELY? |
|
Definition
| A systolic B/P of less than 90mm/Hg |
|
|
Term
| Patients with this disease are more at risk for infection post-op... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nursing dx of spiritual distress is applicable to people who... |
|
Definition
| Have a disturbance in their belief or value system that provides strength, hope, and meaning of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A vague, uneasy feeling; cause may be unknown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MORBIDITY - 1) the state of being diseased; the number of sick persons or cases of disease in a specific population.
MORTALITY- The condition of being mortal; the number of deaths in a population |
|
|
Term
| 8 Pain Syndromes/Unusual Severe Pain Problems |
|
Definition
1) COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME
(Type 1 - most common & Type II)
2) POSTMASTECTOMY PAIN SYNDROME
3) FIBROMYALGIA
4) HEMIPLEGIA-ASSOCIATED SHOULDER PAIN
5) SICKLE CELL DISEASE AND PAIN
6) ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME-RELATED PAIN
7) BURN PAIN
8) GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME AND PAIN |
|
|
Term
GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME & PAIN
What is this?
Characterized by? |
|
Definition
A progressive, inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nervous system.
Characterized by flaccid paralysis accompanied by muscle pain and severe, unrelenting, burning pain
(Nurse to be aware that syndrome also makes facial muscles flaccid so needs to disregard non-verbal cues that contradict report of pain) |
|
|
Term
What is possibly the
MOST SEVERE PAIN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With this disease, additional problems including: neuropathy, esophagitis, headaches, postherpetic, abdominal, back, bone and joint PAIN can occur..what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do patients with SICKLE CELL DISEASE experience pain? What is going on in their body / pain results from? |
|
Definition
| Results from venous occlusion caused by the sickle shape of RBC, this impairs circulation to muscles/organs, ischemia and infarction |
|
|
Term
| What pain syndrome affects as many as 80% of STROKE Patients? |
|
Definition
HEMIPLEGIA-ASSOCIATED SHOULDER PAIN
Possibly created by gravity's pull on the impaired arm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chronic pain syndrome characterized by generalized musculoskeletal pain, trigger points, stiffness, fatigability and sleep disturbances |
|
|
Term
COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME
TYPE I
v.
TYPE II |
|
Definition
Type 1 - the most common; unexplained diffuse burning pain, usu. in periphery of extremity; occurs after minor trauma; often occurs after surgery/trauma to the extremity but not limited to that area.
TYPE II - Refers to causalgia; More likely to develop after trauma with detectable peripheral nerve lesions; burning pain
**Both types describe a variety of painful conditions that often follow an injury; the magnitude and duration of pain often exceed what is expected for the specific type of injury the person may have and often results in significant impairment of motor function |
|
|
Term
Paula's quickie definition of the
GATE CONTROL SYSTEM THEORY |
|
Definition
| Trying to block the perception of pain either before it gets to the brain or before the message is sent out from the brain. |
|
|
Term
| 3 Levels of PAIN according to the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION? |
|
Definition
1) MILD PAIN (1 to 3)
2) MODERATE PAIN (4 to 7)
3) SEVERE PAIN (8 to 10) |
|
|
Term
| What are the main neuronal receptors of pain called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ADDICTION
V.
DEPENDENCE
V.
TOLERANCE |
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Definition
Addiction - behavioral pattern; COMPULSION to take substance to experience its PSYCHIC effects
Dependence - occurs when a pt. who has been taking OPIOIDS experiences WITHDRAWAL once drugs are discontinued; often occurs with opioid tolerance and is not indicative of addiction
Tolerance - a person becomes LESS SENSITIVE to the effects of opioids; they need INCREASING doses to maintain same level of pain relief. |
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Term
| Name a few herbs/foods that will adversely react with pain meds? |
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Definition
Ginkgo
Garlic
Ginger
Ginseng
Grapefruit juice
Chamomile
Valerian
Echinacea
Willow
Meadowsweet
*just tell them to avoid anything starting with the letter G* :) |
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Term
| With _______ administration, medication infuses DIRECTLY into the subarachnoid space and cerebrospinal fluid & with ________ administration, medication is deposited in the DURA of the Spinal Canal and DIFFUSES into the subarachnoid space |
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Definition
INTRATHECAL - Direct
EPIDURAL - diffuses |
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Term
What are the 3 stages of
PREOPERATIVE Nursing? |
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Definition
1) Preadmission Testing (PAT)
(Teaching, Interview, verifies understanding of preoperative orders, Advanced Directive covered, Discharge planning begins)
2) Admission to Surgical Center (complete preop assessment, assess for RISKS for post-op complications, report any unexpected findings, verifies INFORMED CONSENT has been signed, Pt. teaching & Plan of care coordinated, reinforcement of pt. teaching, explains phases of op, answer ?'s)
3) In the Holding Area (Assess pt. status, baseline PAIN, nutritional status, Review chart, ID pt., verify/mark surgical site, put IV in, Administer meds, ensure pt. comfort, provide psychological support, communicate pt. status with other healthcare workers) |
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Term
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Definition
A rare inherited muscle disorder that is chemically induced by ANESTHETIC agents. Calcium function is altered in skeletal muscle, which causes symptoms of hypermetablolism, in turn this causes muscle contraction (rigidity) and causes hyperthermia and damage to central nervous system
**One of the most important things to watch for while a patient is having surgery*** |
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Term
What are some of the S&S of
MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA?
Which is the EARLIEST SIGN? |
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Definition
TACHYCARDIA - Earliest sign then
Generalized MUSCLE RIGIDITY,
Tetanuslike Movements, often in Jaw,
Ventricular dysrhythmia,
Hypotension,
Decreased cardiac output,
oliguria,
cardiac arrest
The rise in body temp is actually a LATE sign that develops rapidly. |
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Term
HYPONATREMIA
characteristics |
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Definition
-Serum NA less than 135 mEq/L
-Dry mucosa
-Headache
-Cerebral Swelling
-INCREASED PULSE, DECREASED B/P
-Edema
-Muscle Cramps/Weakness
-Anorexia
-Nausea & Vomiting
-Dizziness, Confusion |
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Term
Normal levels of
SODIUM in the
ECF |
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Definition
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Term
Common causes of
HYPONATREMIA |
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Definition
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Sweating
Overuse of diuretics
Adrenal insufficiency
Water Intoxification
SIADH |
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Term
HYPERNATREMIA
characteristics |
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Definition
-Serum Sodium greater than 145 mEq/L
-INCREASED PULSE & INCREASED B/P
-Thirst
-Elevated Temp
-Dry, swollen tongue
-Sticky mucosa
-Restlessness & weakness |
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Term
Common causes of
HYPERNATREMIA |
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Definition
-Excess water loss
-Excess NA administration
-Diabetes Insipidus
-Heat Stroke
-Hypertonic IV solutions |
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Term
| What is the normal serum POTASSIUM concentration? |
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Definition
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Term
HYPOKALEMIA
characteristics |
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Definition
-Serum K under 3.5 mEq/L
-DECREASED B/P
-Fatigue
-Anorexia
-Nausea, vomiting
-Dysrhythmias
-Muscle weakness/cramps
-Glucose intolerance
-Decreased Deep Tendon Reflexes |
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Term
HYPERKALEMIA
characteristics |
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Definition
Serum K greater than 5.0 mEq/L
-Cardiac changes (Tachycardia -> Bradycardia)
-Flaccid paralysis
-Dysrhythmias
-Muscle weakness |
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Term
Common causes of
HYPOKALEMIA |
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Definition
-GI losses
-Medications
-Alterations in Ph Balance
-Hyperaldosteronism
-Poor dietary intake |
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Term
Common causes of
HYPERKALEMIA |
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Definition
-Usually treatment related
-Impaired Renal Function
-Hypoaldosteronism
-Tissue Trauma
-Acidosis |
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Term
What is meant by
NEUROSIGNATURE |
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Definition
| The brain is "used to" having 2 arms, 2 legs, torso, etc. INTACT & when there is a significant change in composition (i.e. leg amputation), the brain does not recognize that the leg is gone. |
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Term
| DYSPNEA management at end of life? |
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Definition
-BRONCHODILATORS & CORTICOSTEROIDS used to treat obstructive pathology, improving lung function
-Low does of OPIOIDS
-Low flow OXYGEN
-Pt. and family should be educated about Anxiety (as relates to bouts of dyspnea) and how to handle crisis situations ---> i.e. emergency plans and strategies for coping |
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Term
11 signs of
IMMINENT DEATH |
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Definition
-Loss of interest in eating and drinking
-Urine output decreases
-Sleeps more frequently & has less interest in surrounding environment
-Mental confusion
-Vision/hearing becomes impaired; Speech may become difficult to understand
-Secretions collect in back of throat, Pt. rattles/gurgles as they breath through mouth
-Apnea occurs (Irregular breathing with periods of no breathing)
-Oxygen supply to brain decreases, pt. becomes restless
-Pt. may feel hot one moment and then cold the next
-Loss of bladder/bowel control
-Many pt's report seeing gardens, libraries or family/friends who have died |
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Term
| What is a life & death crisis scenario in which the patient MUST go into IMMEDIATE SURGERY? |
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Definition
| If ANYTHING gets into the PERITENEAL AREA |
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Term
Signs and symptoms of
STATIC SECRETIONS?
Nursing Interventions for this? |
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Definition
Dry, unproductive cough
&
Crackles
-Turn patient every 2 hours
-Deep Breathing/Coughing |
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Term
| If a patient is having CATARACT surgery, they must not? |
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Definition
| Vomit, cough, sneeze during procedure or this may cause BLINDNESS |
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Term
| What Herb will interact adversely with anesthetics? |
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Definition
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