Term
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Definition
| seen in hypocalcemia, a carpal spasm of the hand when a blood pressure cuff is inflated about the systolic pressure for several minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive urination caused by deficiency of ADH, large amounts of diluted urine which causes dehydration and inreases of serum sodium |
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Term
| syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) |
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Definition
| increased ADH, causes decreased sodium level, decreased urine output, lithium may block renal responses to ADH |
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Term
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Definition
increase in urine output caused by excretion of substances like glucose, contrast dyes
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Term
| atrial natriuretic peptide |
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Definition
| released from cells in the atria of the heart in response to excess blood volume, decreases BP and blood volume, promotes sodium wasting and acts as a potent diuretic. inhibits thirst, reducing fluid intake |
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Term
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Definition
| used for dangerously high potassium levels, helps control adverse cardiac rhythms, but does not reduce potassium levels |
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Term
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Definition
| used to treat hyperkalemia, may be given Po or PR, moves K+ from the blood to intestine to be excreted |
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Term
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Definition
| if hyponatremia occurs, pts taking lithium are at risk for lithium toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates water excretion from the body, if serum osmolality goes up, then urine output falls, and vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of solutes in body fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| pulls fluid out of RBC's causing them to shrink |
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Term
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Definition
| pulls fluid into cells causing them to swell |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates the secretion of cortisol |
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Term
| Selye's theory of adaptation |
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Definition
| syndrome consisting of enlargement of the adrenal cortex, shrinkage of thymus spleen and lymph nodes, and appearance of deep bleeding ulcers. **nonspecific response to diverse, noxious stimuli |
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Term
| General adaptation syndrome |
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Definition
Alarm: flight or fight response activated w/ release of catecholamines, response is defensive
Resistance: adaptation to the stressor occurs and cortisol activity is increased
Exhaustion: endocrine activity increases, negative effects on body systems that can lead to death |
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Term
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Definition
| mediates the neuronal and hormonal actions that maintian homeostasis |
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Term
| hypothalamus and limbic system together |
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Definition
| regulates emotions and visceral behaviors necessary for survival |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned with cognitive functions |
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Term
| hypothalamic-pituitary response |
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Definition
| longest acting, occurs in persistant stress, hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing factor that stimulates anterior pituitary to produce ACTH which produces cortisol-->stimulates protein synthesis-->liver converts amino acids to glucose and body has store of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| monitor the internal environment and restore homeostasis when it shifts out of normal range (blood glucose, acid-base balance, temp, fluid/electrolyte imbalances); organs most affected are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, GI tract and skin |
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Term
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Definition
| perptuates the chain of events set in motion by the original disturbance instead of compensating for it |
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Term
| rehabilitation act of 1973 |
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Definition
| law that protects people from discrimination based on their disabilities; applies to any business person receiving financial support from federal gov't |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by a general decline in higher brain functioning such as reasoning, with a pattern of eventual decline in ability to perform ADLs |
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Term
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Definition
progressive, irreversible, degenerative disease; characterized by gradual loss of cognitive function and disturbances in brain behavior and affect;
neurofibrillary tangles or plaques in brain |
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Term
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Definition
| using more than one form of pain management concurrently to obtain more pain relief with fewer side effects |
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Term
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Definition
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum intensity or duration of pain that a person is able to endure |
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Term
| endorphins and enkephalins |
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Definition
| morphine like substances produced by the body that have to potential to reduce pain |
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Term
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Definition
| increase the sensitivity of pain receptors by enhancing the pain-provoking effect of bradykinin |
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Term
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Definition
| activation of sensory transduction in nerves by thermal, mechanical or chemical energy on special nerve ending (nerves convey info about tissue damage to the CNS); includes tranduction, transmission, modulation, and perception |
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Term
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Definition
| noxious stimuli trigger the release of biochemical mediators that sensitize nociceptors; also causes movement of ions across cell membranes which excites nociceptors; pain meds work in this phase by blocking the production of prostaglandin |
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Term
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Definition
1: pain impulse travels from peripheral nerves to spinal cord with the aide of substance P
2: transmission from the spinal cord to the brain stem and thalamus
3. transmission of signals between the thalamus to the somatic sensory cortex where pain perception occurs (pain control can occur by blocking the release of substance P) |
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Term
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Definition
| "descending system"; neurons in the thalamus and brain stem send signals down to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and release susbsances such as endogenous opioids, serotonin and norepinephrine which can inhibit the ascending painful impulses in the dorsal horn |
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Term
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Definition
| the client becomes conscious of the pain |
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Term
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Definition
| pain causing substances released into the EC tissue as a result of damage |
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Term
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Definition
| causes respiratory depression and sedation, n/v, constipation, tolerance and addiction is very possible; inhibit acitivty of ascending nociceptive pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease pain by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (enzyme involved in production of prostaglandin) |
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Term
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Definition
| block nerve conduction, applied to nerve fibers |
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Term
| adverse efects of analgesics |
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Definition
| respiratory depression, sedation, pruritus, N/V, constipation |
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Term
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Definition
pts are not arousable, cannot feel pain
stage 1: warmth dizziness, feeling of detachment, ringing in ears, still conscious
stage 2: excitment, shouting, crying laughing etc, pupils dilate but contract
stage 3: surgical anesthesia, unconscious and quiet, RR are regular, skin is flushed
stage 4: medullary depression, cyanosis, rapid HR, irregular RR, death can occur |
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Term
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Definition
injected around nerves, pt is awake aware of suroundings
-epidural-diffuses accross spinal cord to provide anesthesia and pain relief, blocks sensory, motor, autonomic funcitons, doses are higher no headache
-spinal-extensive, produces anesthesia of lower half, n/v and pain may occur during, headache after |
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Term
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Definition
| conscious sedation; reduce anxiety and contol pain during procedures, depress LOC to a mod level, |
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Term
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Definition
| moderate sedation that requires monitoring from anesthetist in case rapid general anesthesia is needed |
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Term
| potential intraop problems |
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Definition
| n/v, anaphylaxis, hypoxia and other respiratory problems, hypothermia and malignant hypothermia |
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Term
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Definition
sodium <135
occurs d/t imbalance of water
S&S: poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache, orthostatic BP, N/V ab cramps, altered mental status |
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Term
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Definition
sodium>145
S&S: restlessness, weakness, disorientation, delusions, hallucinations, thirst, dry swollen tongue, sticky mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
potassium >5
S&S:ab pain, tingling fingers, skeletal muscle weakness and even paralysis, paralysis of resp and speech muscles
tx: kayexalate PO |
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Term
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Definition
potassium <3.5
S&S: fatigue, anorexia, n/vm muslce weakness, leg cramps, decreased bowel motility, numbness, tingling, dysrhythmias, glucose intolerance, thirst
**potassium should only be administered through an infusion pump! |
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Term
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Definition
airway
o2 sat
cardio
LOC
return of gag refulx
activity(can pt move all extremities)
fluid status
op site/tubes/drains
pain level
check for n/v
side rails up/call light in reach
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Term
1st intention wound healing
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Definition
| incision wound with wound edges approximated |
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Term
| 2nd intention wound healing |
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Definition
edges not approximated
wound is left open to drain
left to heal by granulation |
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Term
| third intention wound healing |
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Definition
deep wounds that are not sutured, will be at a later time
deeper wider scarring |
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Term
| post op nursing care plan |
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Definition
ABC
pain
n/v
fluids
make sure pt t/db/c q2h |
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Term
| reason for deep breathing postop |
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Definition
reduce pneumonia
opens alveoli to increase O2
rid anesthesia
increase lung expansion
decrease lung secretions |
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