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Chapter 1- Exploring Geography
Geography- |
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Definition
| Geography is the study of where people, places, and things are located and how they relate to each other. |
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| G.I.S.- (geographic information systems)- uses computer technology to collect, manipulate, analyze, and display data about the earth's surface in order to solve geographic problems. |
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Definition
| geographic tools- maps, graphs, charts, sonar, satellites, GPS(global positioning system), and GIS |
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| GPS (Global Positioning System)- |
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Definition
| This system relies on a network of 24 satellites orbiting the earth. Using atomic clocks, the satellites broadcast extremely accurate time measurements. Back on earth, GPS units analyze these time signals to provide information about location. |
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| 5 Themes of Geography- location, place, region, movement, and human environment interaction |
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| Location- can be absolute or relative |
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Definition
absolute location- its position on the globe, its grid coordinates, latitude and longitude. A place has only 1 absolute location
relative location- or its relation compare to other places. A place can have more than one relative location. Example- New Boston is 25 miles west of Texarkana |
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The Equator divides the world into two hemispheres. Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere
The Prime Meridian divides the world into two hemispheres. Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere |
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| The character of a place consists of the place's physical and human characteristics |
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Definition
Formal Region-A group of places that have similar attributes, for example, a political region- country
Functional Region- A group of places connected by movement, for example, the region drained by the Amazon Ribver and its tributaries. (DFW Airport)
Perceptual Region - A group of places that is defined by people's feelings and attitudes (Is Missouri part of the South or the North US) |
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| A view point that is influences by one's own culture and experiences |
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An example of movement
A group of people moving from one place to another |
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| Human-Environment Interaction- |
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| How have people changed the enviornment positively or negatively- irrigation, deforestation, air pollution, recycling |
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Definition
| the study of the earth's physical structure and history |
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Definition
| inner core, outer core, mantle, crust |
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Definition
| The earth's center, consisting of very hot metal that is dense and solid in the inner core and molten, or liquid, in the outer core |
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| A thick layer of mostly solid rock beneath the earth's crust that surrounds the earth's core |
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| The solid, rocky, surface layer of the earth |
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| the surface features of the earth, including soil, rocks, and landforms |
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| the layer of gases, water vapor, and other substances above the earth |
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| the water contained in oceans, lakes, rivers, and under the ground |
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Definition
| the world of plants, animals, and other living things in earth's land and waters |
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| any of the seven large landmasses of the earth's surface: Africa, Antartica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America |
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| the differences in elevation, or height, of the landforms in any particular area |
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| Landforms are shaped first by internal forces that originate in the earth's interior. One of these forces is ? |
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Definition
volcanism- involves the movement of magma, or molten rock, inside the earth.
Other major internal forces consist of movements that fold, lift, bend, or break the rock of the earth's crust. |
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Definition
| The theory that the earth's outer shell is composed of a number of large, unanchored plates, or slabs of rock, whose constant movement explains earthquakes and volcanic activity |
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| continental drift theory- |
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Definition
| the idea that continents slowly shift their positions due to movement of the tectonic plates on which they ride |
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Definition
| molten rock from the mantle rises beneath the underwater ridge and breaks through a split, called a rift valley, at the top of the ridge. The rock then spreads out in both directions from the ridge as if it were on two huge conveyor belts. As the seafloor moves away from the ridge, it carries older rocks away. |
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convection-
Force that sends the tectonic plates moving |
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Definition
| is a circular movement caused when a material is heated, expands and rises, then cools and falls. This process is thought to be occurring in the mantle rocks beneath the plates. The heat energy that drives convection probably comes from the slow decay of materials under the crust. |
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Definition
| A ring of volcanic mountains surrounding the Pacific Ocean |
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Definition
| California's San Andreas Fault lies on the boundary of the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate. The fault is over 750 miles long, frequently cause earthquakes |
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| Major Types of Plate Movement- |
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Definition
subduction- when an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, it slides beneath the lighter plate down toward the mantle
spreading- when plates pull away from each other. they form a diverging plate boundary, or spreading zone. Areas are likely to have rift valleys, earthquakes, and volcanoes
converging- when two continental plates collide, neither will sink, causing a slow, violent collision.
faulting- plates sometimes slip or grind past each other along faults. |
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| A natural hot spring that shoots a column of water and steam into the air |
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| The crust is divided into how many plates? |
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Definition
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| instruments used to collect, organize, store, or display geographic information |
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| physical characteristics- |
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Definition
| Features of the earth's surface, such as landforms, water systems, climate patterns, and plant and animal life |
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Definition
| actions of nature that change the physical enviornment |
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Chapter 2- Climates and Ecosystems
climates- |
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Definition
| Regional long-term trends in weather and atmospheric conditions |
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Definition
| Networks of plants and animals interacting with the environment |
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Definition
| distribution of populations among urban and rural communities |
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Definition
| increase in the percentage of people living in cities |
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| movement of people, often influenced by push and pull factors |
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Definition
| increase in the number of people in a specific area |
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Definition
| learned behavior of people, including their belief systems, languages, governments, and material goods |
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| discoveries and inventions that help people to change or adapt to their environments |
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| Government and Citizenship- |
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Definition
| how different viewpoints influence political descisions, divisions, and policies connected to geographic issues |
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| methods used by countries and organizations to pursue goals, such as maintaining or expanding control over territory |
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| ways in which a society satisfies the basic needs through the production and distribution of goods and services |
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| use of natural resources, production of goods, provision of services, and distribution of information |
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| International networks for exchanging goods and services |
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| Any part of the natural enviornment that people need and value |
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Definition
| natural events in the physical environment that are destructive, such as volcanoes and hurricanes |
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| natural or human alterations to the environment |
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| Analysis of how geography has affected historic events and how places, environments, and cultures have changed over time |
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Definition
| Use of geographic knowledge and skills to analyze problems and make decisions that affect the future |
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Definition
| the breakdown of rock at or near the earth's surface into smaller and smaller pieces |
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| Occurs when rock is actually broken or weakened physically. It breaks large masses of rock into smaller pieces, producing boulders, stones, pebbles, sand, silt, and dust. Involved in soil building |
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Definition
| most common type of mechanical weathering- takes place when water freezes to ice in a crack in the rock. because water expands when it freezes, the ice widens the crack and eventually splits the rock |
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| another kind of mechanical weathering- |
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Definition
| occurs when seeds take root in cracks in rocks, a rock will split as plants or trees grow within a crack(fracture) in the rock |
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alters a rock's chemical makeup by changing the minerals that form the rock or by combining them with new chemical elements
can change one kind of rock into a completely different kind |
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type of chemical weathering, chemicals in the polluted air combine with water vapor and fall back to earth as acid rain
destroys forrests and pollutes water, but also eats away the surface of stone buildings and natural rock formations |
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| industrial pollution, acid-producing agents from the ocean, and volcanic activity |
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| the movement of weathered materials such as gravel, soil, and sand |
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| water, wind, and glaciers |
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| small particles of soil, sand, and gravel |
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| windblown deposits of mineral-rich dust and silt that benefits farmers |
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| huge, slow-moving sheets of ice |
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| ridgelike piles of rocks and debris left behind by glaciers |
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Chapter 2- Climates and Ecosystems
weather- |
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Definition
| the condition of the bottom layer of the earth's atmosphere in one place over a short period of time |
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Definition
| the term for weather patterns that an area typically experiences over a long period of time |
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Definition
| the earth's atmosphere has been compared to the glass walls and roof of a greenhouse, which traps the sun's warmth for growing plants. Without this greenhouse effect, the earth would be too cold for most living things |
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Definition
| the earth spins on its axis like a top, the earth completes one rotation every 24 hours |
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Definition
| the earth revolves around the sun in a circular path called an orbit. A revolution is one complete orbit around the sun. One orbit or revolution is completed every 365 1/4 days( one year) |
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Definition
| the summer and winter solstices- the days when the sun appears directly overhead at the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer |
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Definition
spring and fall equinoxes-
on these two days, the sun at noon, appears directly overhead at the Equator and the length of day and night are nearly equal everywhere on earth |
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| How does Latitude affect climate- |
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Definition
| The sun's rays always fall most directly at or near the Equator. Most places near the Equator have warm climates, while areas farthest from the Equator are cold like the North and South Poles |
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| How is the sun's heat distributed around the globe? |
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Definition
Heat is distributed by a process called convection- which is the transfer of heat from one place to another.
Convection occurs inside the earth and in both air and water. Movements of air are called wind. Movements of water are called currents. |
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Definition
| is all forms of water that fall from the atmosphere onto the earth's surface |
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Definition
evaporation
condensation (clouds form)
precipitation |
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| 3 Types of Precipitation- |
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Definition
Convectional Precipitation-
Orographic Precipitation-
Frontal Precipitation- |
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| Other factors that influence climate- |
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Definition
being close to a body of water- having a coastal climate or a continental climate
elevation of the land
close to landforms |
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Definition
tropical wet
tropical wet and dry
semiarid
arid
mediterranean
humid subtropical
marine west coast
humid continental
subarctic
turndra
ice cap |
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Definition
| a rise in the earth's temperature that could partially melt polar ice caps, causing a rise in the level of the oceans and flooding of densely populated low-lying areas, increase in precipitation or droughts |
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Definition
masses of tiny particles of water and dust floating in the atmosphere
A low cloud is called fog |
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Definition
| a band of ozone gas that absorbs the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays and scientists think it is getting thinner |
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Definition
| formed by the interaction of plant life, animal life, and the physical enviornment in which they live |
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Definition
used to describe major types of ecosystems that can be found in various regions throughout the world
example- deciduous forrest |
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Definition
deciduous forests
coniferous forests
mixed forests
tropical rain forest
chaparral forest
tropical grasslands- savannas
temperate grasslands- prairies
deserts
tundras
ice cap
highlands |
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Definition
| trees that shed their leaves |
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Definition
| named after the cones that protect their seeds |
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includes small evergreen trees and low bushes or scrub
chaparral is a Spanish word meaning "an area of underbrush and small trees" |
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Definition
herbivore- plant eating animals like gazelles and zebras
carnivore- meat eating animals like lions and hyenas |
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Definition
| a layer of soil just below the surface stays permanently frozen |
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chapter 3- Population and Culture
culture- |
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Definition
| culture- the beliefs and actions that define a group of people's way of life |
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Term
demography-
demographics-
demographers- |
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Definition
the study of populations including topics like birth, death, marriage, and migration
the numbers and statistics that tell about a country
people whose job it is to study demography |
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| How many people are there in the world? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the average number of people in a square mile or square kilometer |
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Definition
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Definition
the number of live births each year per 1,000 people
the number of deaths each year per 1,000 people |
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immigrants-
emigrants-
migration- |
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Definition
people who move into a country
people who leave the country to live in other places
movement of people |
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urbanization-
urban-
rural- |
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Definition
the growth of city populations
living in the city
living in the country |
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material culture-
non material culture- |
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Definition
includes things that people make, such as food, clothing, architecture, arts, crafts, and technology
includes religion, language, spiritual beliefs, and patterns of behavior, government systems, education systems, attitudes towards the role of women and men |
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Definition
| a place where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures |
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Term
| What is the most important unit of social organization? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture |
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Definition
| the process by which a cultural element is transmitted across some distance from one group or individual to another |
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Definition
| the rescriction of a culture from outside cultural influences |
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Term
| Around how many countries are there in the world? |
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Definition
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Term
| Four specific characteristics that define a place as a country |
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Definition
-clearly defined territory
-population
-sovereignty (a nation's freedom from outside control)
-government |
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| Types of Government Structures- |
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Definition
unitary system- where one central government runs a nation
federation-some powers are given to the national government and other powers are reserved for more local governments
confederation- smaller political units keep their sovereignty and give the central government only limited powers |
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| Types of Government Authority- |
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Definition
authoritarian- a system of government in which the leaders hold all political power
dictatorship- system of government in which absolute power is held by a small group or one person
totalitarianism- system of government in which a central authority controls all aspects of society
monarchy- system of authoritarian government headed by a monarch- a king, queen, shah, or sultan- whose position is inherited
democracy- a system of government in which the people are invested with the power to choose their leaders and determine government policy |
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| Types of Economic Systems- |
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Definition
traditional economy- economic system in which families produce goods and services for their own use, with little surplus and exchange of goods; also known as a subsistence economy
market economy- economic system in which decisions about production, price, and other economic factors are determined by the law of supply and demand
command economy- economic system that is controlled by a single central government
mixed economy- system combining different degrees of government regulation |
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chapter 4- Resources and Land Use
natural resources- |
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Definition
| are materials in the natural environment that people value and use to satisfy their needs |
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Term
renewable resources-
nonrenewable resources- |
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Definition
are constantly being regenerated or replaced by the environment, like soil and water
can not be replaced once they have been used, like fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas which formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals) |
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Term
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Definition
fossil fuels- nonrenewable mineral resources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals and used for fuel
nuclear energy- produced by fission- the splitting of uranium atoms in a nuclear reactor, releasing stored energy
hydroelectric power- electricity that is generated by moving water
geothermal energy- energy produced from the earth's intense interior heat
solar energy- energy produced by the sun |
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Term
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Definition
primary economic activities- economic activity that takes or uses natural resources directly, fishing, mining
subsistence farming- farming that provides only enough for the needs of a family or a village
commercial farming- raising of crops or livestock for sale in markets
secondary economic activities- economic activity in which people use raw materials to produce or manufacture new products of greater value
cottage industries- small-scale manufacturing operation using little technology, often located in or near people's homes
commercial industries- large-scale manufacturing operation that employs many people and produces large quantities of goods
tertiary economic activities- economic activity in which people do not directly gather or process raw materials but pursue activities that serve others; service industry
quaternary economic activities- economic activity that focuses on the acquisition, processing, and sharing of information, such as education, or research |
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Definition
goods that are sent out of the country
goods that are brought into the country |
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| Levels of Development of Countries- |
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Definition
developed- United States
developing- Mexico
underdeveloped- Botswana, Africa |
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Term
Chapter 5- Introduction to the United States and Canada
colony- |
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Definition
any territory separated from but subject to a ruling power.
example- Great Britain and the 13 colonies of the US before the US was it's own country |
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Term
| How do scientists think people orginally came over to the Americas? |
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Definition
| across a land bridge from Asia called the Bering Strait |
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Definition
| to formally incorporate into a country or state the territory of another |
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Definition
| to withdraw formally from membership in a political or religious organization |
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Definition
| a conflict between opposing groups of citizens of the same country |
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Definition
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Definition
the shift from human power to machine power
from farming(agriculture) to industry (manufacturing) |
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Definition
| a boundary or area of high ground that separates rivers flowing toward opposite sides of a continent |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire area of land that is drained by a major river and its tributaries |
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Definition
| a river or stream that flows into a main river |
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Definition
| marks characterizing glaciated areas of rocks |
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Definition
| area of reduced rainfall on the leeward side of high mountains |
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Definition
ability to read and write
number of people age 15 or older that can read and write from a specific country used for demographic purposes |
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Definition
| a person or group's level of material well-being, as measured by education, housing, and healthcare, and nutrition |
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Definition
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Chapter 6- A Profile of the United States
gross national product-
gross domestic product- |
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Definition
GNP- total value of a nation's goods and services, including the output of domestic firms in foreign countries and excluding the domestic output of foreign firms
GDP- total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year, including the domestic output of foreign firms and excluding the output of domestic firms in foreign countries |
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Definition
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Definition
| communication by electronic means |
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Term
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Definition
| economic system that allows individuals to own, operate, and profit from their own businesses in an open, competitive market |
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Term
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Definition
| a major city and its surrounding suburbs |
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Term
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Definition
| rank according to function |
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Definition
| area served by a metropolis |
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Term
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Definition
metropolis
city
large town
village
farm |
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Term
Chapter 7- Regions of the United States
The Northeast- |
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Definition
| New England Region- Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey |
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Definition
a very large city; a region made up of several large cities and their surrounding areas, considered to be a single urban complex
example- BOSWASH
area from Boston to Washington D.C. |
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Term
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Definition
| Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Kentucky, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Washington D.C. |
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Definition
| tropical trees that grow in swampy ground along coastal areas |
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Term
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Definition
| marshy inlets or outlets of a lake or river |
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Term
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Definition
| imaginary line between the Applachian Mountains and the Atlantic Coastal Plain, where rivers and streams form waterfalls and rapids as they descend from higher elevations to the coastal plain |
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Term
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Definition
The exchang from Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Americas of wheat, sugar, banana, rice, grape, olive oil, dandelion, horse, pig, cow, goat, chicken, small pox, typhus
From the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia- maize, potato, sweet potato,beans, peanut, squash, pumpkin, peppers, pineapple, tomato, cocoa |
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Term
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Definition
| the band of southern states from the Carolinas to southern California |
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Term
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Definition
| North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan |
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Term
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Definition
| plants and animals that live in the soil die and decay producing the dark colored organic material called humus and combines with particles of weathered bedrock to help build more soil |
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Term
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Definition
| average number of days between the last frost of spring and the first frost of fall |
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Term
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Definition
| tall buildings equipped with machinery for loading, cleaning, storing, and discharding grain |
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Term
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Definition
| a place where grain is bought and sold as a commodity |
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Term
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Definition
| flows 2,348 miles from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico |
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Term
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Definition
| Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico |
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Term
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Definition
| a dry treeless plain where temperatures are always cool or cold and only specialized plants can grow |
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Term
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Definition
| large pipes or channels designated to transport water from a remote source over a long distance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how canada divides up its land into provinces and territories instead of states |
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Term
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Definition
The Atlantic Provinces are often called the maritimes because of their close ties to the seas
maritimes means bordering on or related to the sea |
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Term
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Definition
Newfoundland and Labrador
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
New Bruswick |
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Term
| The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Provinces- |
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Definition
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Term
Great Lakes-
located between the United States and Canada |
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Definition
H.O.M.E.S
Lake Huron
Lake Ontario
Lake Michigan
Lake Erie
Lake Superior |
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Term
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Definition
| enclosed area on a canal that raises or lowers ships from one water level to another |
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Term
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Definition
| solid rock that is usually covered by soil, gravel, and sand |
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Term
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Definition
Alberta
Manitoba
Saskatchewan |
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Term
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Definition
| British Columbia the province |
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Term
| The Northern Territories- |
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Definition
Yukon Territory
Northwest Territories
Nunavut |
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Term
First Canadians- Inuit and Native Americans
Vikings
French
English |
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Definition
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Term
| What two languages do they speak in Canada? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a movement to win political, religious, or ethnic independence from another group |
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Term
multicultural society of Canada-
immigration- |
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Definition
| Native Canadian including Inuit, British, French, German, Italian, Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Dutch, Polish, and other European, Asian |
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Term
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Definition
| fees charged by a government on imported goods |
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Term
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Definition
| on the border between Canada and the United States (New York) is a pair of waterfalls known as Niagara Falls. Water thunders over the falls at an average rate of 202,000 cubic feet per second. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
animals that feed upon other animals
examples of predators- wolves, bobcats |
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Term
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Definition
| to avoid extreme winter temperatures, bears, wood chucks, and other mammals hibernate. During the fall, they build up a store of fat in their bodies that will last until spring. They then go into hibernation, which slows their bodily functions to a minimum |
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Term
Chapter 9- Introduction to Latin America
conquistadors- |
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Definition
| name for the Spanish explorers who claimed land in the Americas for Spain |
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Term
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Definition
| A Latin America military dictator |
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Term
|
Definition
| a grasslands region in Argentina and Uraguay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small, low island or coral reef |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rocklike skeletons of tiny sea animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rugged Andes Mountains are the highest mountains of Latin America along the western coast of South America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the largest and least explored of Brazil's areas, it spreads across more than half of the country, gets more than 80 inches of rainfall per year, the rain forest is home to thousands of plants and animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a storm with winds of at least 39 miles per hour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a destructive tropical storm that forms over the Atlantic Ocean, usually in late summer and early fall, with winds of at least 74 miles per hour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a destructive tropical storm that forms over the Pacific Ocean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A violent, rotating windstorm around Australia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A warm ocean current off South America's northwestern coast that influences global weather patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person of mixed European and Native American heritage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person of mixed African and European ancestry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of stripping the land of its trees |
|
|
Term
Population Pyramid-
textbook p.218 |
|
Definition
| a graphic model that shows the gender/age composition of a population at a specific time |
|
|
Term
Chapter 10- Mexico
plateau- |
|
Definition
| an area of high, flat land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a strip of land that juts out into an ocean, surrounded on three sides by water |
|
|
Term
Sierra Madre Oriental-
Sierra Madre Occidental-
Plateau of Mexico (Central Plateau)- |
|
Definition
mountain range on Mexico's eastern coast
mountain range on Mexico's western coast
plateau in the middle of Mexico where the capital city Mexico City is and where most of the people live |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the watering of farmland with water drawn from reservoirs or rivers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dotted with sinkholes, the southern end of Mexico that sticks up like a thumb into the Gulf of Mexico and where the resort city of Cancun, Mexico is, gets lots of hurricanes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hole formed when limestone is dissolved, causing the land above to collapse |
|
|
Term
| A Place of Three Cultures- |
|
Definition
| Indian, Spanish, and Modern make up Modern Mexico |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large Spanish owned estate in the Americas, often run as a farm or a cattle ranch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in 1910, peasants and middle class Mexicans rebelled by standing up to the military dictator and the landlords who together controlled the country, the fighting ended in 1920 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a policy by which land is taken from those who own large amounts and redistributed to those who have little or none |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farmland owned collectively by members of a rural community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large commericial farms owned by a private individual or a farming complany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a farm crop grown for sale and profit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a worker who travels from place to place, working where extra help is needed to cultivate or harvest crops
|
|
|
Term
| NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement- |
|
Definition
| which phased out trade barriers among the United States, Canada, and Mexico |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a factory in Mexico, along the United States border, that assembles goods for export |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chapter 11- Central America and the Caribbean
isthmus- |
|
Definition
a narrow strip of land having water on each side and joining two larger bodies of land
example- Central America- 7 countries |
|
|
Term
| Central America- 7 countries- |
|
Definition
Guatemala
Belize
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
Coasta Rica
Panama |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a member of an armed force that is not part of a regular army; relating to a form of warfare carried on by such an independent armed force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a shaking of the ground caused by sudden movements in the earth's crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a huge wave caused primarily by a disturbance beneath the ocean, such as an earthquake or a volcanic eruption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
landslide- a sudde drop of a mass of land on a mountainside or hillside
part of the side of a hill falling, sliding off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the basic support facilities of a community or country, such as roads and bridges, power plants and schools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sudden fall of a mass of ice and snow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tremor that occurs after an earthquake |
|
|
Term
seismic waves-
epicenter- |
|
Definition
seismic waves- vibration caused by a movement of tectonic plates
epicenter- the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an island formed by the skeletal remains of tiny sea animals and the sand and sediment piling on top of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
windward- side of an island or mountain that is facing the wind
leeward- side of an island or mountain that is facing away from the wind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of folk music that spread from Trinidad throughout the Caribbean using steel drums. the music traces its roots to the songs sung by enslaved Africans who worked on the plantations of Trinidad |
|
|
Term
Chapter 12- Brazil
escarpment- |
|
Definition
| a steep cliff that separates two level areas of differing elevations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an interior plateau in Brazil with poor soil and uncertain rain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a slum community in a Brazilian city, for example there are favelas outside of the city of Rio de Janiro, Brazil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large estate farmed by many workers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fuel mixture of gasoline and ethanol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tourism that encourages environmental awareness and has little effect on the ecosystem |
|
|
Term
Chapter 13- Countries of South America
bauxite- |
|
Definition
| a mineral used in making aluminum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Waterfall in Venezuela about 20 times higher than Niagara Falls and plunges down to the Churun River |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a related set of separate mountain ranges
in Latin America, a tenant farmer or farm worker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plateau region located in the Andes Mountains of Bolivia and Peru |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a plateau in the Andes Mountains of Ecuador
the boundary in high elevations above which continuous forest vegetation cannot grow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the wide mouth of a river, where freshwater river currents meet salt water
a region of rolling foothills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cowboy who herded cattle in the pampas of Argentina and Uraguay |
|
|
Term
Chapter 14- Introduction to Western Europe-
cultural diffusion- |
|
Definition
| the process by which people adopt the practices of their neighbors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the revival of art, literature, and learning that took place in Europe during the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Centuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highest point of a mountain or similar elevation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the North European Plain stretches eastward from France to Northern Eurasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The North Atlantic Drift carries tropical waters toward Europe. The winds that blow across this warm current are the prevailing westerlies- the constant flow of air from west to east in the temperate zones of the earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single currency to be used by member nations of the European Union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chapter 15- The British Isles and Nordic Nations
fertile- |
|
Definition
| able to produce abundant crops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland |
|
|
Term
| What is the capital city of the United Kingdom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rocky material containing a valuable mineral |
|
|
Term
| The English Channel Tunnel also called the Chunnel connects which two countries? |
|
Definition
| England (United Kingdom) and France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
moor- broad, treeless, rolling land, often poorly drained and having patches of marsh and peat bog
bog- an area of wet, spongy ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the capital city of Ireland?
Is Ireland mostly Roman Catholic or Protestant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nickname for Ireland?
what is peat? |
|
Definition
Emerald Isle for its green land
peat- a spongy material containing waterlogged mosses and plants that covers 1/6 of Ireland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blight- plant disease that destroyed the potato crop year after year in Ireland and Europe in the 1840's
the blight affected potato crops causing a Famine in Ireland in the 1840's, this caused a lot of people to immigrate to the United States. 1 million Irish died of starvation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
also called Norden- from an ancient word meaning Northlands
includes- Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Denmark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a narrow valley or inlet from the sea, originally carved out by an advancing glacier and filled by melting glacial ice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy produced from the earth's intense interior heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the Nordic Nations, the start of summer is a public holiday when people celebrate the return of the midnight sun. In the northernmost territories, the sun never really sets for several weeks in midsummer. People call the long twilight hours of the evening the white nights |
|
|
Term
Chapter 16- Central Western Europe
France-
What is the capital city of France? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| France is shaped like what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What river runs through Paris, France? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are a long range of towering snowcapped mountains, Mount Blanc is the tallest peak in the Alps |
|
|
Term
| France was once known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variation of a spoken language that is unique to a region or community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a style of art where painters try to catch visual immpressions made by color, light, and shadows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to bring a business under state control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extended decline in business activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of government in which individual political units keep their sovereignty but give limited power to a central government |
|
|
Term
Germany-
reparations-
inflation- |
|
Definition
reparations- money paid for war damages
inflation- a sharp, widespread rise in prices |
|
|
Term
| What is the capital city of Germany? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a soft, brownish-black coal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Belgium
Netherlands
Luxembourg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dike- an embankment of earth and rock built to hold back water
polder- an area of low-lying land that has been reclaimed from the sea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to transfer government power to smaller regions |
|
|
Term
Switzerland and Austria-
cantons-
neutral- |
|
Definition
canton- a poltical division or state; one of the states in Switzerland
neutral- not taking sides in a war |
|
|
Term
perishable good-
strip mining- |
|
Definition
a product that does not stay fresh for long
the process whereby miners strip away the surface of the earth to lay bare the mineral deposits |
|
|
Term
Chapter 17- Spain and Portugal
navigable- |
|
Definition
| deep and wide enough to allow the passage of ships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a farming technique that leaves land unplanted every few years in order to gather moisture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hot, dry wind from northern Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a central point of concentrated activity and influence |
|
|
Term
| What is Spain's capital city? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Portugal's capital city? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the piece of land that Spain and Portugal occupy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the capital city of Italy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the Pope live and the headquarters for the Roman Catholic Church? |
|
Definition
Vatican City
It is considered it's own country and it is also called the Holy See |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earthquakes and volcanic eruptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a geological phenomenon in which the ground in an area sinks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the southern region of Italy and includes the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, the name means midday for its intense noontime sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
volcano- an opening in the earth's crust from which molten rock escapes to the surface
lava- magma, or molten rock from the earth's mantle, that breaks through the surface of the earth during volcanic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plume- a very hot spot in the earth's mantle
crater lake- a body of water that occupies a bowl-shaped depression around the opening of an extinct or dormant volcano |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grabens- a long, narrow area that has dropped between two faults |
|
|
Term
| What is the capital city of Greece? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| able to permanent residents |
|
|
Term
Chapter 18- Introduction to Central Europe and Northern Eurasia
domestication- |
|
Definition
| domestication-the process of training and breeding animals for use by humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of government in which the government controls the means of production, determining what goods will be made, how much workers will be paid, and how much items cost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the view that Europe and Asia should be viewed as a large single continent
also the area where Europe touches Asia
the dividing line between the two continents is the Ural Mountains in Russia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Russia, world's deepest lake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
taiga- thinly scattered, coniferous forests found in Europe and Asia
steppe- a temperate grassland found in Europe and Asia |
|
|
Term
multiethnic-
ethnic group- |
|
Definition
multiethnic-composed of many ethnic groups
ethnic group- people who share such things as culture, language, and religion |
|
|
Term
infant mortality-
maternal mortality-
life expectancy- |
|
Definition
infant mortality- the number of children per 1,000 live births who die within the first year
maternal mortality- the number of women who died due to pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births
life expectancy- the number of years an individual is expected to live as determined by statistics
|
|
|
Term
| What is the capital city of Poland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a people's sense of what makes them a nation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a section of a city in which a particular minority group is forced to live |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the execution of 6 million Jews in Nazi concentration camps during World War II
the systematic killing or intentional destruction of a people |
|
|
Term
| What two countries used to be combined forming Czechoslovakia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Capital of Czech Republic?
Capital of Slovakia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
velvet revolution-
privatization- |
|
Definition
a revolution without bloodshed, which took place in Czechoslovakia during the late 1980's
the process of selling government owned industries and businesses to private owners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a government owned farm managed by workers who share the profits from their produce |
|
|
Term
| What is Hungary's capital city? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is Switzerland's capital city?
What is Austria's capital city? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is Norway's capital city?
What is Sweden's capital city?
What is Finland's capital city? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Romania
Bulgaria
Albania
Serbia
Montenegro
Croatia
Slovenia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Macedonia
Kosovo |
|
|
Term
balkanize-
entrepreneurs-
multiplier effect- |
|
Definition
to break up into small, mutually hostile political units, as occurred in the Balkans after WWI
a go-getter individual who starts and builds a business
the effect an investment has in multiplying related jobs throughout the economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to increase the variety of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the capital city of Ukraine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chapter 20- Russia
What does the U.S.S.R. stand for? |
|
Definition
Union of Soviet Socialists Republics
old communist name for Russia when it was the Soviet Union |
|
|
Term
| What is the capital city of Russia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rich topsoil found in the Russian steppes and other mid-latitude grasslands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of northern Russia where the climate is very frigid
a layer of soil just below the earth's surface that stays permanently frozen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an emperor of Russia
The Romanov family ruled Russia for 300 years before WWI and the Bolshevik communists took over Russia and made it the Soviet Union |
|
|
Term
abdicate- to surrender one's office, throne, or authority
soviet- in the former Soviet Union, any one of various governing councils |
|
Definition
give up the throne
governing council |
|
|
Term
Cold War-
glasnost-
perestroika- |
|
Definition
Cold War- time period after WWII with tension between the United States and Soviet Union without any actual war
a policy of openess introduced in the Soviet Union in the late 1980's
in the former Soviet Union, a policy of economic restructuring |
|
|
Term
Vladimir Lenin- first communist leader of the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin- communist leader of the Soviet Union, very ruthless, had lots of his own people killed if anyone didn't go along with his laws |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| last of the communist leaders of the Soviet Union, instituted the policies of glasnost and perstroika. Helped to end communism in Russia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Trans Siberian Railroad-
ruble-
black market- |
|
Definition
railroad going across Russia
Russian currency (money)
the system of selling goods and services outside of officials channels, selling off the record, without paperwork, illegally |
|
|
Term
Chapter 21- Introduction to Southwest Asia
agricultural revolution- |
|
Definition
| the change from nomadic hunting and gathering to farming that took place about 8000 B.C. |
|
|
Term
civilization-
monotheism-
polytheism- |
|
Definition
an advanced culture
the belief in one God
the belief in many gods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area that has its own government but is controlled by an outside power |
|
|
Term
Aral Sea-
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers-
Caucasus Mountains- |
|
Definition
Soviet engineers diverted water from the rivers that feed the Aral Sea, a land locked salt lake, to irrigate farmland in Central Asia. The sea has sunk dramatically, and salt flats now cover the exposed lake bed
Two rivers mentioned in the Bible in the Garden of Eden and run through present day Iraq
mountains that separate the country of Georgia and Russia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a round tent made of a wooden framework and covered with felt of skins
An Islamic place of religious worship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
capital city of Israel
sacred religious city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims |
|
|
Term
| What country is the Ataturk Dam in ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
trade deficit-
trade surplus- |
|
Definition
the situation in which a country imports more than it exports
the situation in which a country exports more than it imports |
|
|
Term
Chapter 22- The Caucasus and Central Asian Countries
Caucasus Nations- |
|
Definition
Georgia
Armenia
Azerbaijan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pride in one's nation; the desire of a cultural group to rule themselves as a separate nation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan |
|
|
Term
fundamentalism-
desertification- |
|
Definition
a set of religious beliefs based to a strict interpretation of a sacred text
the transformation of arable land into desert either naturally or through human intervention |
|
|
Term
Chapter 23- The Countries of Southwest Asia
The Middle East
mandate- |
|
Definition
| a comission from the League of Nations authorizing a nation to govern a territory |
|
|
Term
Zionist-
self-determination- |
|
Definition
A member of a movement known as Zionism, founded to promote the establishment of an independent Jewish state
the right of a people to decide their own political future |
|
|
Term
What is the capital city of Israel?
drip irrigation- |
|
Definition
Jerusalem
a process by which precisely controlled amounts of water drip directly onto plants from pipes, thus preserving precious water resources in dry areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a mineral used in explosives and fertilizer
a person of middle eastern descent that lived in Palestine |
|
|
Term
| What two groups fight over Israel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the Arabs call Israel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fertile Crescent-
militia- |
|
Definition
a region in the Middle East where farming and the first civilizations developed
a citizen army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
political disorder and violence; lawlessness
a severe restriction of trade with other countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process of removing salt from seawater so that it can be used for drinking and irrigation
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the Arabian Peninsula, an ancient system of underground and surface canals
worldly, not relating to religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the title of the former ruler of Iran
a religious leader among Shiite Muslims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a region just south of the Sahara in Africa |
|
|
Term
colonialism-
nomadic herding- |
|
Definition
the system by which countries set up colonies to secure sources of raw materials and markets for their products
the practice of moving flocks to different pastures throughout the year |
|
|
Term
leaching-
land degradation- |
|
Definition
the dissolving and washing away of nutrients in the soil
reduction in the productive potential of the land |
|
|
Term
Chapter 25- North Africa
fellaheen- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a windstorm that blows hot air, dust, and grit
an open-air market; a street lined with shops and stalls
|
|
|
Term
basin irrigation-
reservior- |
|
Definition
in Egypt, a sytem by which water and silt were controlled by embankments and time-released to irrigate farmlands
a natural or artificial lake used to collect water for human needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an irrigation system that provides necessary water to the land throughout the year |
|
|
Term
capital-
What is the capital city of Egypt? |
|
Definition
wealth in the form of money or property owned or used in business
Cairo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a usually dry riverbed or gully that temporarily holds water from a sudden downpour
a large group of merchants who join together to travel in safety |
|
|
Term
| What are the Maghreb Countries? |
|
Definition
Algeria
Tunisia
Morocco
Western Sahara Morroco |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the old section of a North African city, usually centered around a mosque
a market in an Arab community |
|
|
Term
| What country was Muammar Qaddafi from? |
|
Definition
Libya
he was Libya's dictator leader for 40years |
|
|
Term
Chapter 26- West and Central Africa
shifting agriculture- |
|
Definition
| the practice of farming a sight until the soil is exhausted, then moving on to a new site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
food for grazing animals
a person who flees his or her country to escape danger or unfair treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| almost or entirely surrounded by land; cut off from the sea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an area of lakes, creeks, and swamps away from the ocean
the sudden overthrow of a ruler or government, often involving violent force or the threat of force |
|
|
Term
ancestor worship-
animism- |
|
Definition
the belief that respecting and honoring one's ancestors will cause them to live on in the spirit world after death
the religious belief that such things as the sky, rivers, and trees contain gods or spirits |
|
|
Term
World Bank-
International Monetary Fund- |
|
Definition
an agency of the United Nations that provides loans to countries for development projects
An agency of the United Nations that provides loans to countries for development projects |
|
|
Term
| structural adjustment program- |
|
Definition
| a program to reform the structure of an economy |
|
|
Term
| What used to be the name of the Congo River in Africa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a dividing ridge between two basins
professional soldiers hired by a foreign country |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the exchange of goods without money |
|
|
Term
Chapter 27- East and Southern Africa
harambee- |
|
Definition
| a policy of cooperation adopted in Kenya after independence to encourage economic growth |
|
|
Term
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Definition
a pesticide produced from certain flowers
disease caused by a lack of food or an unbalanced diet |
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Term
strategic value-
ethnocracy- |
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Definition
| importance of a place or thing for nations planning military actions |
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Term
villagization-
apartheid- |
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Definition
a political movement by which rural people are forced to move to towns and work on collective farms
formly in the Republic of South Africa, the policy of strict racial segregation |
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Term
|
Definition
the separation of the races
actions taken by the international community to punish a country for unacceptable behaviors |
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Term
| Who was the first black president of South Africa? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
a country completely surrounded by another country
the departure of white people from a region |
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Term
Chapter 28- Introduction to South Asia
sultanate- |
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Definition
| a state ruled by a sultan |
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Term
nonaligned nations-
subcontinent- |
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Definition
| nations that adopted neutrality during the Cold War |
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Term
What is the world's tallest mountain range?
What is the tallest mountain peak? |
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Definition
The Himalayas in Nepal
Mt. Everest in the Himalayas |
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Term
monsoons-
What country has bollywood? |
|
Definition
a seasonal shift in the prevailing winds that influences large climate regions
India |
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Term
Chapter 29- The Countries of South Asia
Who was Mohandas Gandhi? |
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Definition
| later called Mahatma or Great Soul, led India to independence. Used nonviolent resistance against British injustice and boycotts of British cloth |
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Term
nonviolent resistance-
boycott- |
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Definition
the policy of opposing an enemy or oppressor by any means other than violence
to refuse to purchase or use a product or service as an expression of disapproval |
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Term
partition-
reincarnation- |
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Definition
a division into separate parts
the belief that the soul of a human being or animal goes through a series of births, deaths, and rebirths |
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Term
|
Definition
a social hierarchy in which a person possesses a distinct rank in society that is determined by birth
a wooden bed frame with knotted string in place of a mattress |
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Term
|
Definition
a brightly colored cloth, worn by many Indian women, that is draped over the body like a long dress
the practice among Hindu and Muslim women of covering the face with a veil when outside the home |
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Term
joint family system-
hydroelectric power- |
|
Definition
In India, the custom of housing all members of an extended family together
electricity that is generated by moving water |
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Term
embankment dam-
buffer state- |
|
Definition
a wall of soil and rock to hold back water
a country that separates two hostile countries |
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Term
|
Definition
| a funnel shaped cloud of violently rotating air |
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Term
blizzard-
tropical cycloon
typhoon- |
|
Definition
a heavy snowfall accompanied by strong winds
a storm that originates over a tropical ocean and whirls around a low pressure center
destructive tropical storm that forms over the Pacific Ocean |
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Term
Chapter 30- Introduction to East Asia and the Pacific World
concessions- |
|
Definition
| a priviledge or exemption granted by a government |
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Term
|
Definition
a high- speed train
we studied about one in Japan |
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Term
Chapter 31- China
spheres of influence- |
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Definition
| an area or country that is politically and economically dominated by, though not directly governed by, another country |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In China in the 1920's a split developed between the National Party and Communists. The Nationalist leader- Chiang Kai-shek disagreed and ordered the communists killed. the communists fled to south central China. In 1934, the Communists left their spot and started a year long northward journey called the Long March crossing 18 mountain ranges and 20 rivers over 6,000 miles and Mao Zedong became leader of the Communists |
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Term
Mao Zedong-
Deng Xiaoping- |
|
Definition
First communist leader of China
Became the leader after Mao Zedong |
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Term
light industry-
martial law- |
|
Definition
| the production of small consumer goods such as clothing and appliances |
|
|
Term
| What is the capital city of China? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four geographical regions of China? |
|
Definition
The Northeast
The Southeast
The Northwest
The Southwest: Tibet (Xizang) |
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|
Term
| Where is the Gobi Desert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the other names for the Huang He River? |
|
Definition
Yellow River
China's Sorrow |
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|
Term
double cropping-
What is another river in China? |
|
Definition
in farming, growing more than one crop a year on the same land
Yangzi River |
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Term
|
Definition
someone who claims to rule by religious or divine authority
The leader of Tibet of Buddhist monks |
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Term
|
Definition
a political unit with limited self-government
example of one is Tibet |
|
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Term
|
Definition
in written language, a character or symbol that represents an idea or thing
In Chinese stands for a word
the belief that God does not exist |
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Term
|
Definition
the ancient Chinese practice of inserting fine needles at specific body points to cure disease or to ease pain
martial art and exercise performed by Chinese and other Asian peoples |
|
|
Term
provisional government-
exodus- |
|
Definition
a temporary government pending permanent arrangements
a mass migration from a region |
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|
Term
Chapter 32- Japan and the Koreas
What is the capital city of Japan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
seismographs-
capsule hotel- |
|
Definition
instruments that measure and record movement in the earth's crust
to save space in Japan, people rent tiny rooms stacked together called a capsule hotel |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| having a similar nature; uniform in structure or quality |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the efforts to control weaker countries that are rich in natural resources.
Japan tried to do this
the glorification of the military and a readiness for war |
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Term
downsize-
tariffs-
quotas- |
|
Definition
to fire an employee in order to reduce costs
a tax imposed by a government on imported goods
a fixed quantity |
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Term
|
Definition
a strip of land on which troops or weapons are not allowed
Area between North and South Korea |
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Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the number of something |
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|
Term
Chapter 23- Southest Asia
barbarians- |
|
Definition
| persons without manners or civilized customs |
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Term
|
Definition
irrigated or flooded land on which rice is grown
native to or living naturally in an area or environment |
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|
Term
insurgents-
What is the old name for the country Myanmar? |
|
Definition
people who rebel against their government
Burma |
|
|
Term
| What 3 countries was once known as French Indochina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What country used to be known as the Dutch East Indies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chapter 34- The Pacific World and Antarctica
Australia
What are the original people from Australia called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a shallow body of water separated from the sea by coral reefs or sandbars |
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|
Term
outback-
What is Uluru? Also called Ayers Rock |
|
Definition
remote, sparsely settled, arid, rural country, especially the central and western plains and plateaus of Australia
sacred site to Aborgines, the world's largest monolith, or single stone located in the outback |
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|
Term
artesian wells-
plankton- |
|
Definition
wells that are drilled deep enough to tap a layer of porous material filled with groundwater
microscopic floating organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a natural barrier made up of the bodies of living and dead coral- the largest coral reef in the world off the Sunshine coast (northeastern) of Australia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| country made up of two islands, the north island and the south island, the capital city is Wellington. Other large cities are Auckland and Christchurch |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In 1770 landed on the east coast of Australia and claimed it for Great Britain, became the first explorer to chart accurately the coast of New Zealand and the east coast of Australia |
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|
Term
| Pacific Islands are divided into 3 groups- |
|
Definition
Micronesia
Melanesia
Polynesia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dependent colony or territory supervised by another country by commission of the United Nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the 7 continents. not owned by any one country. researchers from different countries share it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a deep crack in glacial ice
a massive extension of glacial ice over the sea, often protruding hundreds of miles |
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|
Term
pack ice-
convergence zone-
krill- |
|
Definition
floating sea ice formed by a mix of icebergs with other ice formed in superchilled ocean waters
an area of severe storms where the frigid waters circulating around Antarctica meet the warmer waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in 1961, 12 countries signed it agreeing to share the use of Antartica for reseach and not to do harmful things to the environment. In 1989, 28 more countries signed it |
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