Details Title: 2008 WittSem Final Description: Dr. Horton Hobbs' final exam material for his 2008 WittSem Total Flash Cards: 133 Created: 12/16/2008 18:33:24		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Geology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Plan view Definition Single conduit Maze passages Term (Plan view- Single conduit) Linear Definition straight segment Term (Plan view- Single conduit) Angulate Definition sharp bends Term (Plan view- Single conduit) Sinuous Definition broad, sweeping curves Term (Plan view- Maze passages) Network maze Definition a grid of intersecting passages; high, narrow cross sections Term (Plan view- Maze passages) Anastomotic maze Definition curvilinear tubes of circular or elliptical cross section that intersect in a braided configuration Term (Plan view- Maze passages) Spongework maze Definition interconnected non-tubular solution cavities of varied size and irregular geometry arranged in an apparently random 3D patterns Term Cross section Definition passages formed under hydraulic control Term Definition Term (Cross section) Canyon Definition higher than wide, nearly vertical walls, little variation in passage width from top to bottom Term (Cross section) Elliptical tube Definition groundwater flows under pipe - full conditions, wider than high Passage shapes controlled mainly by structure of surrounding bedrock Fissure Triangulate Term (Cross section) Composite cross sections Definition cave passages preserve their earlier history in almost overwhelming detail Term Speleothems Classification Definition Morphology - shapes - most frequent Origin - almost purposeless; origin can involve many mechanisms Crystal structure - probably most technically correct Term Speleothems Erratic forms Definition Crystal growth controlled Shields Helictites Botryoidal Anthodites Oulopholites (gypsum flowers) Transistorites (spiders) Term Penny Boston Definition Explored the Lechuguilla cave in New Mexico - at 1,567 feet down, the deepest limestone cave in the US Coined the term "phlegmball mats" to describe the living bacterial goo on the floors of acidic caves Discovered the “buzzing passage” in Villa Luz Term Barbara am Ende Definition Co-lead, Cartographic Programmer Wakulla2 Expedition, 1998-1999.  Created the first fully interactive 3D map of an underwater cave Term Annette Summers Engel Definition Wittenberg graduate! Term Definition Term Louise Hose Definition an assistant professor of geology at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. I never gave caves a thought until I explored one in King's Canyon National Park outside Fresno, California, with a college outing club Term Diana Northup Definition She and her colleagues on the SLIME (Subsurface Life In Mineral Environments) Team are investigating how microbes help form the colorful ferromanganese deposits that coat the walls Lechuguilla Spider Cave Cueva de las Sardinas (Villa Luz) Term reciprocity Definition what happens above ground happens below Term PL Taylor extreme science Definition adventure with a purpose fueled by passion for scientific intimacy getting closer, involved difference between ES and adventure: “when risking one’s life for science and exploration, danger is minimized in order to maximize the probability of achieving ones goals, not the other way around. ESs are not on the edge to see how high or far they can go but rather to document what they see along the way, and most important, to get extreme long enough, regularly enough, to draw some scientifically defensible conclusions in the process.” Term extreme scientists Definition know humans are capable of more than survival frontline advocates for what they study ammunition for proof “represent the informed voice of science to an often skeptical public.” Term Meiofauna Definition Flatworms, gastrotrichs, tardigrades, cladocerans, ostracods, mites, immature stages of various insects Term Troglobionic carvernicoles Definition Gastropoda: ex. Snail, carychium exile Pseudoscorpion Ticks Acarina - mites: look like tiny spiders Harvestmen: daddy longlegs Arachnida: meta ovalis, meta menardi (europe); troglophile Amblypigidae: typically tropical; highly adapted; big and ugly; make noise when they move Insecta Diplura; small, long antenna, lack wings Thysanura (Bristletail): stay around entrances Collembola: Springtail; highly specialized troglobions Camel crickets (Ceuthophilus) Parthenogenesis: method of reproducing in which males are not needed Ovipositor: test soil for right makeup and injects eggs Coleoptera: beetle (neophanops, pseudoanophthalmus, leptodirus hohenwarti); some feed on cricket eggs Diptera: heleomyzidae, tipulidae (flies) Term Trogloxenes Definition terrestrial “cave visitors” ex. bats, bears, raccoons, some snakes, crickets Term Stygoxene Definition aquatic “cave visitors” ex. crayfish, salamanders Term Troglo/Stygophiles Definition “cave lovers,” Term Troglo/Stygobites(bions) Definition few external cues; still evolving; ex. some salamanders Term Accidental Definition not supposed to be there; wander in by accident Term Cavernicoles Life history characteristics Definition K strategies Longer duration of phases of life history Tendency to lose distinct reproductive cycles Longevity Term Cavernicoles Development of reproductive strategies Definition Low fecundity Decrease in egg number Reproduce less often Increase in egg size Term Troglobitic carvernicoles Definition Glow Worms: “fishing lines”; green/yellow glow, very bright; feed off adults Mycetophilidae: little worms that zip along mucous lines Millipedes Isopods: imported; adapt well; “rolly pollies” Urodela: plethodontidae; lizards/cave salamander, troglophiles Snakes: ectotherms Green frogs Phoebes (flycatcher); bird Ravens Turkey vulture (Carthartes aura): typically caves in cliffs; stay near entrance/in twilight area Chiroptera (bats): pipistrellus, myotis; make ceiling stains from oils on fur Cave rats (Neotoma): like packrats - steal something, but bring something back Term Speleology Definition scientific study of caves From Greek spelaion (cave) and logos (study) Term Ancient Greeks of Mycenae Definition Myths tell of a cave as the birthplace of Zeus Greek hell (Hades) lay below ground; ferryman Charon rowed souls across the river styx into a land of eternal suffering Term Paleolithic age Definition more than 10,000 - 1,000,000 BP Cave paintings Term Mesolithic age Definition 6000 - 12000 BP Term Neolithic age Definition 4000 - 6000 BP Term Definition Term Bronze age Definition 3000 - 4000 BP Term polje Definition in mountainous areas, steep slopes leading to flat valley, with an entrance at both ends underneath it; good for planting crops In rainy season, underground area floods and eventually floods the entire polje Term Samuel Sturmy Definition 1669 - captain of merchant ship; math teacher; explored Pen Park Hole on the north side of Bristol, England In cave for more than five hours, and “was troubled with an unusual and violent Head-ach, which I impute to my being in that Vault.” Term Baron Johann Weichard Valvasor Definition Actively explored caves in Slovenia An austrian, 1678 - 1689, his observations fully justify his recognition as the earliest true speleologist First to study area systematically Studied 70 caves Thought that dragons inhabited caves because of the discovery of the “babies,” white salamanders they called “olms,” which were actually amphibians. Term olms Definition amphibians once thought to be baby dragons Largest stygobion in the world 1768 - Joseph Nicolaus Laurenti formally described the salamander Proteus - after Greek god… Term Nicholas Thomas Bremontier Definition (french civil engineer) 1765 - surveyed Grotte de Miremont at Rouffignac First really accurate plan map - 27 passage cross-sections Term Thomas Jefferson Definition 1781 - produced one of the earliest american plan cave maps - Madison’s Cave 1799 - A Memoir on the Discovery of Certain Bones of a Quadruped of the Clawed Kind - first American description of bones in a cave Term Alfred brothers Definition 1865, jan 27 - first photographs of caves Blue Johns Caverns in Derbyshire, England - used magnesium wire Term Ruth Hoppin Definition Ozarks First specimen of a blind fish in America Term Luella Agnes Owen Definition “lady geologist” from St. Joseph, Missouri Term Adolf Schmidl Definition 1850-1853 Early reputation as father of modern speleology In the US 1806 - plan map of Madison’s Cave (recall Jefferson’s map) 1849 - began systematic study of caves in slovenia 1854 published the monograph “die grotten und hohlen von adelsberg, lueg, planina und laas” Term JR Schiner Definition introduced classical classification of cave animals into three categories Term Horace Carter Hovey Definition Most famous of cave explorers of 19th century Published widely but actually did little original Term Edouard Alfred Martel Definition FATHER OF SPELEOLOGY Work from 1888-1914+ Immense amount of original exploration - native france and most of europe Mediterranean islands, russia, america Techniques and equipment - folding canvas canoe Surface pollution - subterranean pollution in karst areas/eater supplies 1890 - used “la grottologie” for scientific study of caves Founder of Systematic cave exploration Scientific exploration Use of telephones French Societe de Speleologie What set him apart Meticulous preparations Systematic recording of all aspects of caves Tremendous physical ability Incredible courage Died in 1938 at age 78 Explored nearly 1500 caves His technical innovations had become standard equipment for other cavers Gave samples to Franz von Hohenwarth who sent them to naturalist Ferdinand Schmidt Term Constantin Rafinesque Definition 1822 - described the cave salamander Collected specimens near KY Term J. De Kay Definition Described first cave fish as Amblophysis speleus - first troglo/stygobite in US Term Biospeologica Definition an energetic association of european research Term Definition Term AM Banta Definition 1907 - fauna of Mayfield’s cave, IN Term CH Eigenmann Definition 1909 - book on cave vertebrates of america Term Floyd collins Definition Jan 30 - trapped in Sand Cave Stuck 16 days Term Dye tracing Definition Fluorescein Rhodamine Optical brighteners Bill Jones Term Incasion Definition caving in Term Definition Term Allogenic recharge Definition emerging stream- cuts through Term Definition Term Authigenic Definition comes down through epikarst and flows out Term Catastrophic process Definition Tectonic process Processes associated with Biblical Flood Term Limestone caves Definition Solution Term Sandstone caves Definition (A)Eolian, Erosion Term Sea caves Definition littoral Term suffosional Definition soil piping Term Karst Topography Definition Usually limestone or other carbonate rock Derived in Slovenia German name for Kras, region in NW Slovenia, partially extending into Italy Term Endemic species Definition limited geographic distribution Term Pseudokarst Definition ice/glacier caves, lava tubes Term Aquatic Subterranean Habitats Definition Primary source: stream, mudbank - permanent Term Autogenic water source Definition a change in the environment brought about by living organisms, particularly by plant life Term Allogenic water source Definition water from outside source Term Insurgence Definition allogenic source Term Resurgence (exsurgence) Definition reemerging water source (disappearing/reappearing stream) Term Interstitial Definition permeable; spaces between particles Term Glaciers Definition drove animals underground as they moved over the landscape Term Allochthonous Definition fed by organic matter coming in from outside Term Limestone Definition CaCO3 stratified layers of organic matter Term Aphotic Definition dark Term Troglomorphic species Definition species that share specific traits (i.e. no eyes, lack of pigment, etc.) Term Slimy salamander Definition retreats into caves when dry; has pigment and eyes; leave caves by November Term Cave salamander Definition orange, stripes (long-tail salamander) or speckles; has eyes; stays near cave entrance to feed on crickets Term Rat snake Definition rarely seen in caves because they are ectothermic (cold-blooded) Term Bats Definition use caves as nurseries; insectivorous - control pests; guano serves as base for food web Term Indiana bats Definition endangered species; found in only eight caves in the world; hibernate in caves - are sensitive to disturbance Term Anchialine environments Definition inland body of water connected to the ocean Term Biospeleology Definition study of cave-dwelling life - cavernicoles Term K-strategist Definition Population growth curve J-shaped, S-shaped Population growth = dN/dT = rN(K-N/K) D=delta=change; r=biotic potential; K=carrying capacity; N=number of individuals; T=time Late maturity Low reproductive rate - to reproduce may be too expensive Large size at hatching Increased longevity Term Troglomorphy Definition Strong reduction in or total absence of pigmentation Reduced eyes Attenuated appendages Increase in tactile and chemical senses Increase in metabolic economy Increased number of adaptations to reduce desiccation Development of paedomorphic forms Reduction in various behavioral traits Term R-strategists Definition Selected species Rapid population growth - unstable Term Biological evolution Definition Descent with modification Species arise from preexisting species Gradual change in from and function Term Gene flow Definition exchanging genes over space and time Term Differential reproduction Definition non-random reproduction Term Genetic drift Definition moving small populations Term Somatic cells Definition diploid cells; ova Term Germ cells Definition Haploid; sperm Term Genotype Definition Homozygous Term phenotype Definition heterozygous Term Biological gradualism Definition evolution proceeds gradually with progressive change Slow rate of speciation Darwin Term Punctuated equilibrium Definition evolution occurs in spurts Term James Hutton Definition 1795 Geological gradualism Term Geological gradualism Definition profound change on earth is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes Term John Baptiste de Lamarck Definition 1809 Inheritance of acquired characteristics: use and disuse Assumed acquired characters were inherited Term Cuvier Definition 1769-1832 Catastrophism Boundaries between fossil strata correspond in time to catastrophic events- floods, drought Destroy many species Repopulate by immigration or by Special Creation Term Catastrophism Definition species immutable - did not support concept of evolution Term Charles Lyell Definition 1830 Uniformitarianism Term Uniformitarianism Definition the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes. Term Epikarst Definition top layer of limestone (subcutaneous zone) Term endokarst Definition Cave proper Term Exokarst Definition surface features Term Aristotle Definition 4th century BC – recognized cave but did not know how to explain them Term erosion Definition corrasion Term corrosion Definition dissolution Term fluvialism Definition erosive power of surface water Term E.A. Martel Definition strong believer in speleogenesis by stream action (vadose) Term phreatic Definition elliptical – grows outwards longways Term vadose Definition downcutting “keyhole” shape Term Flamache Definition maintained erosion alone sufficient to form caves Term Martel and others Definition believed a combo of both vadose and dissolution and erosion Term Dupont and others Definition considered phreatic dissolution the principal factor Term Vadose theory Definition caves are formed by the action of flowing water either at or above the water table infiltrating surface water is a vert aggressive and the aggressiveness is quickly lost as the water passes into the saturated zone solution thus takes place most actively at the top of the saturated zone water dissolves sinkhole drains, vertical shafts, and solution chimneys until it reaches the top of the saturated zone turn and flow horizontally along fractures Term Deep phreatic theory Definition solution takes place in the phreatic zone upon reaching the water table, groundwater continues toward its outlet along flow lines that curve deeply into the phreatic zone when regional uplift occurs, water table is lowered and gradually the upper levels of the cave become air-filled at this stage dripstone deposits (speleothems) form Term Shallow phreatic theory Definition shallow as opposed to deep Term A.C. Swinner Definition (1932): impressed by the observation that most cave passages are nearly horizontal and some seem to be stacked in levels hypothesized that caves form in the interval between the high and low stands of the water table as it fluctuates between wet and dry seasons Term Mixing Zone and Halocline caves Definition solution can occur by mixing waters saturated at different carbon dioxide partial pressures this mixing corrosion provides another mechanism for bedrock dissolution deep within a limestone mass mixture of carbonate saturated fresh water with arbonate saturated salt water prodices an undersaturated solution capable of further dissolution cave development also takes place in the active mixing zone along the halocline in coastal karst called mixing-zone, halocline, or flank-margin caves Term Hydrothermal caves Definition upwelling of deep source of thermal waters- quite different from caves formed from cold groundwater- often associated with ore deposits – large maze caves in the Black Hills of South Dakota Term Definition Term Sulfuric acid caves Definition one source o sulfuric acid is the oxidation of sulfide minerals, mainly pyrite, that occur dispersed in many carbonate rocks