Details Title: 2008-2009 Midterm Review Description: Words to review for the midterm exam. Total Flash Cards: 155 Created: 01/08/2009 07:25:30		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Biology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term       Fungi Definition Characteristics: 1. Eukaryotic 2. Heterotrophic 3. Multicellular 4. Primary decomposers   Ex: saphrophytes (mushrooms), yeast, athlete's foot Term       Protista   Definition Characteristics: 1. First eukaryotic organisms 2. Mostly unicelluar 3. Autotrophic or heterotrophic 4. Live in moist environments   Ex: Euglena (plant like), Amoeba (animal like), Slime mold (fungus like) Term         Cilia Definition       Tiny hair-like projections on the outside of the cell membrane. Aid in cellular movement. Term       Eukaryotic Definition       Cells with membrane bound organelles; Nucleus is present.   Ex: Animal and Plant cells. Term       Lysosome Definition     Organelle that rids the cell of cellular waste. Term       Vacuole Definition     Organelle used for storing water or other nutrients.     Term       Smooth ER Definition       Oraganelle in charge of making lipids; without ribosomes Term       Chromatin Definition           Loose genetic information. Term       Nucleolus Definition       Located inside of the nucleus; makes ribosomes Term       Cytoplasm Definition       Semi-liquid matrix inside of the cell that helps to hold organelles in place. Term       Animalia Definition Characteristics: 1. Eukaryotic 2. Multicellular 3. Heterotrophic   Ex: Annelida, Mollusca, Chordata, etc. Term       Plantae Definition Characteristics 1. Eukaryotic 2. Multicellular 3. Autotrophic   Ex: Moss, Red Oak, Dandelion Term       Selective Permeability Definition       The ability of the cell membrane to pick and choose what crosses the cell membrane (in or out). Term       Mitochondria Definition       Powerhouse of the cell; makes all of the energy (ATP) needed by the organism Term       Prokaryotic Definition       Cells with no membrane bound organelles; no nucleus   Ex: ALL Bacteria Term       Vesicle Definition       Organelles that transport substances  throughout the cell Term        Rough ER Definition         The site where ribosomes make proteins Term       Chromosome Definition         Tight genetic information when the cell is preparing to divide. Term       Nuclear Membrane Definition       Surrounds the nucleus. Term       Cell membrane Definition       The outside covering of animal cell; just underneath the cell wall plant cells Term       Pathogen Definition       Anything that can make you sick.   Ex: some Bacteria, some viruses, some fungi         Term       hydrophilic     Definition       Water loving. Term       Flagella Definition         Whip-like projection that aids in cell movement. Term       Taxons in order Definition 1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species   King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda. Term        Organelle Definition       "Tiny organ"; components of the cell Term       Golgi Apparatus Definition         Sort, package, and send proteins throughout the cell/body.   (Like UPS!) Term        Ribosome Definition       Make proteins. Term       DNA Definition         Genetic information insdie of the cell. Term       Nucleus         Definition       Control center of the cell. Term       Cell Wall Definition       The outside covering of plant cells. Provide extra protection and support.  Term     Pasteur Definition         Developed the first vaccine for rabies. Term       Fleming Definition         Created the first antibiotic. Term       Cytoskeleton Definition         Support system of the cell. Term        Chloroplast Definition       Organelle that controls photosynthesis in autotrophic organisms. Term       Schleiden & Schwann Definition       Developed the cell theory. Term       Leeuwenhoek Definition         The first to see real cells. (Sperm, protozoa, red blood cell) Term         Host Definition         The larger of the two organisms in a symbiotic relationship. Term       Symbiont Definition         The smaller of the two organisms in a symbiotic relationship. Term       Commensalism Definition         The type of symbiotic relationship where one party benefits and the other is harmed. Term       Hooke Definition         The man that coined the term "cell" while looking at cork. Term       The three shapes of bacteria. Definition       1. Rod (bacilus) 2. Spherical (coccus) 3. Spiral (spirillum) Term       Active Transport Definition       Movement of molecules across the cell membrane that requires cellular energy. Term       cell Definition       The smallest unit of life. Term       Unicelluar Definition         A one celled organism. Term       Multicellular Definition         Organisms made up of two or more cells. Term         Mutualism Definition         The type of symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. Term       Diffusion Definition       The movement of molecules across the cell membrane from higher concentrations to lower concentrations. A type of passive transport. Term       Passive Transport Definition       The movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of cellular energy. Term       Biotic Definition       Living or used to be living Term       Zoology Definition       The study of animals. Term       Ecology Definition         The study of organisms and their environments. Term       The taxons in order. Definition 1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species   (King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda.) Term       Parasitism Definition       The type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Term       Isotonic Definition       The condition of having equal amounts of water both inside and outside of the cell. Term         Osmosis Definition       The diffusion of water from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. This is a type of passive transport. Term       Hypertonic Definition         There is more water outside of the cell than inside of the cell. Term       Endocytosis Definition       Taking substances into the cell. Term       Phagocytosis Definition       A type of endocytosis; Cell "eating"; Taking solids into the cell. Term       Growth Definition       To increase in size. Term       Botany Definition         The study of plants. Term       Entomology Definition         The study of insect. Term       Organism Definition       Any living thing. Term       Biology Definition       The study of life. Term       Symbiotic relationship Definition       Two organisms that live in close proximity to one another. Term       Hypotonic Definition       There is more water inside of the cell than outside of the cell. The cell will "pop" or lyse. Term       Exocytosis Definition       Substances being removed from the cell or exiting the cell. Term       Pinocytosis Definition       A type of endocytosis; Cell "drinking"; Taking liquids into the cell. Term       Ingestion Definition       Taking food in. Term       Physiology Definition       The study of the how the structures of the body work. Term       Anatomy Definition       The study of the structures of the body. Term       Homeostasis Definition         To maintain a constant internal environment. Term       Hypothesis Definition         An educated guess. Term       Lipid Definition       Fats, oils, or waxes. Term         Hydrophobic Definition       Water hating. Term       Asexual Definition         The type of reproduction that involves only one parent with an identical offspring. Term       Digestion Definition       Breaking down food. Term        Sexual Definition     The type of reproduction that involves two parents and the offspring having traits from both. Term       Pseudopodia Definition       False foot. Term       Conjugation Definition         The most primitive form of sexual reproduction. Term         Carolus Linnaeus Definition         The scientist that came up with the modern taxonomic classification system. Term       Autotroph Definition       Organisms that are able to make their own food. Term       Archaebacteria Definition Characteristics 1. Prokaryotic 2. Unicelluar 3. Autotrophic or heterotrophic 4. Live in extreme conditions 5. First living organisms. Term       Eubacteria Definition Characteristics: 1. Prokaryotic 2. Unicellular 3. Autotrophic or heterotrophic 4. Found everywhere 5. Can make you sick   Ex: Anthrax, poliovirus, flu Term       Nuceloid Definition       The area inside of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located. Term       Fission Definition       A form of asexual reproduction that involves the parent growing and dividing into two new daughter cells. The two cells are identical. Term       Food vacuole Definition       Vacuole that digests food. Term       Binomial nomenclature Definition         The two word naming system used to classify organisms. Term       Taxon Definition       Groups of organisms put together because of their genetic and evolutionary relationships. Term         Colony Definition       Unicellular organisms that live in close proximity of one another, but still function independently. Term       Abiotic Definition       Non-living things. Term       Genetics Definition         The study of genes or traits passed from parent to offspring. Term       Species Definition         A group of the exact same type of organisms. Term       Heterotroph Definition       Organisms that need ready made food. Term         Contractile Vacuole Definition       A vacuole that contracts to expell extra water when the cell is hypotonic and in danger of popping. Term       Micro-nucleus Definition       The smaller of the two nuclei in protozoans; controls reproduction Term       Hyphae Definition       The structure of the mushroom that breaks down nutrients. Term       Protozoa Definition       An animal-like protista   Ex: Amoeba, Paramecium Term       Diploid Definition       Having two sets of chromosomes. Term        Haploid Definition       Having one set of chromosomes. Term        Mycorrhizae Definition       A type of mutualistic fungus that grows with the roots of certain types of plants. Term         Vertebrate Definition       Organisms with a backbone. Term         Saprophyte Definition       Fungi that breakdown dead, decaying matter.   Ex: mushroom Term         Mycology Definition       The study of fungus. Term       Notochord Definition       One of the unifying characteristics of Chordates; soft flexible axis that is retained throughout life in 10% of all Chordates. Term       Coccyx Definition       Tail bone Term        Dorsal, hollow nerve chord Definition     One of the unifying characteristics in the Chordate Phylum; forms the spinal cord. Term       Visceral Mass Definition       The part of the organism that contains the organs; refers specifically to Molluscs Term       Annelida Definition       Segmented worms   Ex: earthworm Term       Pharyngeal gill slits Definition     One of the four unifying characteristics of all Chordates; become inner ear bones in humans at about 20 weeks gestation Term        Arthropoda Definition     Segmented body, jointed appendages, exoskeleton   Ex: Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids Term       Exoskeleton Definition       The tough coating on the outside of Arthropods. Term       Carapace Definition       The portion of the exoskeleton covering the cephalothorax of crayfish. Term       Echinodermata Definition       Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars Term       Chordata Definition       The only phylum containing vertebrates.   Ex: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish Term        Post anal tail Definition       One of the four unifying characteristics in the Chordate Phylym; Our coccyx Term       Diploblastic Definition       Organisms with two germ layers   (endoderm and ectoderm) Term       Porifera Definition       Sponges Term       Deuterostomes Definition         Organisms that form their anus first in gastrulation.       Term         Peritonium Definition       Connective tissue inside of the body cavity of coelomates; hold organs in place Term         Alteration of generations Definition       Two alternating reproductive cycles.   Ex: cnidaria (meduse, polyp, medusa) Term         Platyhelminthes Definition       Flat worm Term         Nematoda Definition       Round worm with a tough cuticle. Term       Triploblastic Definition       Organisms with three germ layers.   (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) Term       germ layer Definition       Tissue layers. Term       Cnidaria Definition       Jellyfish, coral, sea anemone     Term       Sessile Definition       Immobile; cannot move Term       Polyp Definition       The sessile form of Cnidaria. Term       Invertebrate Definition       Animals without a backbone. Term       Mollusca Definition     Clams, Octopus, Snail Term         Ectoderm Definition       The germ layer that forms on the outside of the body; skin and hair Term       Bilateral symmetry Definition       An organism that can be divided into equal left and right parts; mirror images Term       Radial Symmetry Definition       Organisms that have a central point and can be divided into equal "pie pieces" as rays come out from the central point.   Ex. Starfish Term       Cnidocytes Definition       Stinging cells in Cnidaria. Term         Asymmetry Definition       Having no symmetry.   Ex: Sponges Term         Medusa Definition       The free floating form of Cnidaria.   Ex: jellyfish Term       Mycelium Definition       The structure of the mushroom that absorbs the nutrients that are broken down by hyphae. Term       Protostome Definition     Organisms that form the mouth first during gastrulation. Term       gastrulation Definition     The formation of the digestive system in the embryo. Term         Coelomate Definition       True body cavity lined by the peritonium. Term       Pseudocoelomate Definition     False body cavity Term       Acoelomate Definition       No body cavity. Term       Mesoderm Definition       Middle tissue layer; forms organs, blood, bones, and muscles Term       Endoderm Definition       The inside tissue layer; forms the gut Term       Macro-nucleus Definition       The larger of the two nuclei in protozoa; control day to day functions of the unicelluar organisms Term       Swimmerets Definition       Small legs used for swimming; located on the ventral side of the abdomen Term       Cephalothorax Definition       The head and thoracic region of crustaceans. Term       Abdomen Definition       The posterior section of the crustacean Term         cervical groove Definition       The groove that separates the cephalic (head) region and the thorax on the outside of the crayfish exoskeleton. Term         Rostrom Definition       Beak or snout-like projection Term       Telson Definition       Last segment of the abdomen in crayfish; part of the tail fan Term       Uropod Definition       Appendages off of the telson; part of the tail fan Term       Antennae Definition       Allow crayfish to taste, smell, and touch; larger than antennules Term       Cheliped Definition       Pincher type appendages that are used to capture prey and for protection. Term       Nine Characteristics of Life Definition 1. Grow 2. Reproduce 3. Highly organized 4. Evolve 5. Adapt 6. Use energy 7. Made of one or more cells 8. Limited life span 9. Definite size and form Term       Be able to label or identify the exterior structures of the crayfish. Definition    Go to this site:   http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues03/Co10182003/Art/Crayfish_bw.GIF