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| the scientific study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment |
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| the increase of an object's apparent size by using lenses or mirrors |
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| a type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed |
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| an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
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| an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
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| any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things |
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| a homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed |
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| the attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other |
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| the force that holds molecules of a single material together |
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| an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge |
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| a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means |
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| the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element |
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| a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation |
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| a procedure that is carried out under controlled conditions to discover, demonstrate, or test a fact, theory, or general truth |
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| a testable idea or explanation that leads to scientific investigation |
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| the process of obtaining information by using the senses; the information obtained by using the senses |
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| the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their environment |
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| a group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring; also the level of classification below genus and above subspecies |
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| the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring |
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| the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment; a constant internal state that is maintained in a changing environment by continually making adjustments to the internal and external environment |
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| in biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes |
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| in microscopes, the ability to form images with fine detail |
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| the theory that states that all living things are made up of cells, that cells are the basic units of organisms, that each cell in a multicellular organism has a specific job, and that cells come only from existing cells |
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| a phospholipid layer that covers a cell’s surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell’s environment |
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| the region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus |
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| a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples are archaea and bacteria |
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| an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; eukaryotes include protists, animals, plants, and fungi but not archaea or bacteria |
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| in physical science, an atom's central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons |
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| one of the small bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function |
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| An organelle in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. |
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| the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell |
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| a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance |
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| in biology, a state that exists when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space |
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| the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density |
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| the diffusion of water or another solvent from a more dilute solution (of a solute) to a more concentrated solution (of the solute) through a membrane that is permeable to the solvent |
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| the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins |
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| the movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy |
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| a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell |
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| the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell |
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| the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out |
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| the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen |
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| an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of consuming other organisms |
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| an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials |
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| the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide |
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| a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates |
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| a class of pigments that are present mostly in plants and that aid in photosynthesis |
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| a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP |
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| describes a process that requires oxygen |
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| describes a process that does not require oxygen |
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| the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen |
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