Term
| Sphygmomanometer measures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood pressure is lowest in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterioles can function as ________ because of ______ |
|
Definition
| resistance vessel because of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Dehydration is characterized by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brachial artery is used most often to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should a person taking antihypertensive drugs not drink alcohol or sit in a hot tub? |
|
Definition
| Vasodilation and hypotension |
|
|
Term
These stand for
CO, BP, SV, HR, R
What is the equation? |
|
Definition
CO = Cardiac Output
BP = Blood Pressure
SV = Stroke Volume
HR = Heart Rate
R = Resistance
BP= SV x HR x R |
|
|
Term
| Plasma oncotic pressure is due to |
|
Definition
| plasma protiens, especially albumin |
|
|
Term
| Exertion of pressure over the carotid sinus (tight collar) can induce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a child with nephrotic syndrome looses large amounts of albumin in his urin (albuminuria) what happens |
|
Definition
| plasma oncotic pressure decreases and he develops edema |
|
|
Term
| if CHP capillary hydrostatic pressure exceeds plasma oncotic pressure.... |
|
Definition
| fluid is filtered into the interstitium |
|
|
Term
| if plasma oncotic pressure exceeds CHP capillary hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
| fluid moves osmotically into the capillary from the interstitium |
|
|
Term
| Systolic reading, diastolic reading, and korotkoff sounds are related to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system increases |
|
Definition
| vascular resistance, stroke volume, and heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Structure that has greatest effect on vascular resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood vessels that have very thin walls and are called exchange vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pulse pressure when a person's blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the pressure within the pulmonary capillaries increases what can develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure reading |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antihypertensive drugs refers to drugs that |
|
Definition
| cause vasodilation and reduce vascular resistance |
|
|
Term
| part of the brain that participates in the baroreceptor reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a sudden rise in blood pressure can produce |
|
Definition
| baroreceptor-induced bradycardia |
|
|
Term
| baroreceptors are not actived by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if plasma osmolarity increases as in dehydration or infusion of mannitol (a sugar solution) |
|
Definition
| fluid is pulled into the capillary from the interstitium |
|
|
Term
| if lymphatic vessels are blocked or surgically removed |
|
Definition
| fluid and protein accumulate in the interstitium causing edema |
|
|
Term
| edema is least likely to occur in |
|
Definition
| plasma osmolarity increases when patient becomes dehydrated |
|
|
Term
| left ventricle of heart fails |
|
Definition
| blood backs up in pulmonary capillary increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure and forcing fluid into the lungs |
|
|
Term
| a pregnant woman notices ankles swollen after standing later she elevates her feet |
|
Definition
| swelling diminishes because capillary hydrostatic pressure in the blood vessels of the lower extremities decreases |
|
|
Term
| an IV solution of mannitol (hypertonic sugar solution) is used to decrease intracranial pressure in a head injured patient because |
|
Definition
| mannitol pulls water out of the interstitium of the brain into the capillaries relieving edema |
|
|
Term
| capillary hydrostatic pressure is a reflection of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a drug which is most likely to increas vascular resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| associated with afterload |
|
Definition
| arteriolar vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| alpha 1 adrenergic agonist exerts a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a drug that activates alpha 1 adrenergic receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| newly diagnosed patient is started on prazosin. Gets dizzy and looses consciousness. why? |
|
Definition
| prazosin decreased blood pressure too much. Drug induced hypotension caused syncope or fainting event |
|
|
Term
| lymph originally comes from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymph from the right arm and right side of the head and thorax drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what removes worn out blood cells from circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct empty into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cervical lymph nodes drain the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pharyngeal tonsils are located near |
|
Definition
| opening of the nasal cavity in upper throat and are also called adenoids |
|
|
Term
| the iguinal lymph nodes are located in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the lymphatic vessels and nodes are removed from the right axillary region |
|
Definition
| right arm will become edematios |
|
|
Term
| if protiens are allowed to accumulate in the interstitial space |
|
Definition
| they will hold water and cause edema |
|
|
Term
| infectious mononucleosis is a viral infection involving |
|
Definition
| lymph nodes and is called the kissing disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of palatine tonsils |
|
|
Term
| what is most likely to cause a platelet deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is concerned with the processing and maturation of T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thymus gland is located in |
|
Definition
| ventral cavity, thoracic cavity, and mediastinum |
|
|
Term
| the subclavian vein receives lymph from |
|
Definition
| the large lymphatic ducts |
|
|
Term
| the spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and lymph nodes are confined to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lymph nodes are generally removed during a mastectomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| partially encapsulated lymph nodes located in the throat area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a lacteal is located within |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wheezing and hypotension is the effect of |
|
Definition
| massive release of histamine |
|
|
Term
| a severe hypersensitivity reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you had measles as a child |
|
Definition
| naturally acquired active immunity best describes your immunity to measles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a severe anaphylactic reaction causes |
|
Definition
| death by respiratory obstruction |
|
|
Term
| treatment of choice for anaphylactic reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| redness, heat, swelling, and pain are indicative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phagocytosis does not require |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgE, IgA, IgM, and IgG are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells are associated with |
|
Definition
| plasma cells and antibodies |
|
|
Term
| plasma cells are most related to |
|
Definition
| antibody-mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
| what cells engulf the pathogen to achieve antigen presentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classified as killer, helper, suppressor, and memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Killer T cells destroy pathogens by |
|
Definition
| punching holes in their cell membrane and secreting lymphokines |
|
|
Term
| type of immunity where antibodies carried by the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphokine that stimulates both T and B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells that do not participate in the destruction of the pathogen but allow for a more rapid responce if the antigen is presented at a later time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV Human immunodeficiency virus produces severe impairment of the immune system by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infections are most common in people with |
|
Definition
| AIDs acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
|
|
Term
| the primary response is most associated with a |
|
Definition
| low plasma level of antibodies |
|
|
Term
| a titer is the term that refers to |
|
Definition
| the level of antibodies in your blood |
|
|
Term
| why you will not get chickenpox as an adult if you were infected as a child |
|
Definition
| naturally acquired active immunity |
|
|
Term
| binding of the bee venom allergen to antibodies on the mast cells causes a massive release of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| natually acquired passive immunity is related to |
|
Definition
| placental transfer of antibodies from the mother to the fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of dead or attenuated pathogens to stimulate antibody production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name of a toxin that has been altered so that it is harmless, yet still antigenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide the initial exposure to an antigen to stimulate the formation of memory cells |
|
|
Term
| a breastfed infant is initially immune to the same diseases as her mom because of |
|
Definition
| naturally acquired passive immunity |
|
|
Term
| contact dermatitis is characterized by a |
|
Definition
| local tissue response to T cell activity |
|
|
Term
| Mast cells cause the release of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin, mucous, membrane, tears, sneezing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tears, saliva, stomach acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interferons, complement proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| redness, heat, swelling, pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First Line of defense: mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, certain reflexes.
Second Line of Defense: phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, protective proteins (interferons and complement proteins) and natural killer (NK) cells.
No recognition of a specific agent is needed. |
|
|
Term
| a group of proteins secreted by cells infected by a virus |
|
Definition
| Interferons. Compliment protiens circulate in the blood in their inactive form and are activated against a bacterium, they swarm over it. |
|
|
Term
| lymphocytes and represent a specific immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Killer, Helper, suppressor, and memory cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effect of a massive release of histamine is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe hypersensitivity reaction that can cause death by respiratory obstruction. Treated by epinephrine. One who is Allergic to penicillin is at risk for anaphylactic shock |
|
|
Term
| HIV Human Immunodeficiency virus |
|
Definition
| attacks the helper T Cells and impairs the immune system |
|
|
Term
| discourages growth of pathogens on the surface of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the responce the body makes when confronted by an irritant |
|
Definition
| Inflammation. It is called an infection and the symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, and pain |
|
|
Term
| phagocytosis does not require |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the plasma cells are most related to |
|
Definition
| antibody-mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
| cells that engulf the pathogen to achieve antigen presentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| use of dead or attenuated pathogens to stimulate the antibody production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provide initial exposure to an antigen to stimulate the formation of memory cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin, mucous membrane, tears, sneezing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tears, stomach acid, perspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interferons, complement proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NK cells, fever, phagocytosis, interferons and compliment protiens, inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick yellowish accumulation of dead material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fever producing substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| respiratory system consists of |
|
Definition
| upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mucous membranes line nasal cavities and they |
|
Definition
| filter, warm, and moisten the incoming air |
|
|
Term
| responds to chemicals in the air |
|
Definition
| olfactory receptors in nasal cavities |
|
|
Term
| Paranasal cavities drain into the nasal cavities and are |
|
Definition
| frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoidal |
|
|
Term
| pharynx is divided into 3 parts |
|
Definition
| nasopharynx (air only) Oropharynx and laryngopharynx (both air and food) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conducts air between the pharynx and the trachea and prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea, and produces sound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composed of muscle and cartilage, and lined with mucous membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| largest and most anterior cartilage of the larynx |
|
Definition
| thyroid cartilage or Adams apple |
|
|
Term
| uppermost catilage that covers larynx during swallowing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sound is produced by air passing through |
|
Definition
| the glottis and causing vocal cords to vibrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| windpipe- extends into chest cavity and bifurcates into left and right bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tough c-shaped rings of cartilage |
|
|
Term
| anatomic dead air space is associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bronchial tree contains the |
|
Definition
| bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| the large primary bronchi branch into |
|
Definition
| smaller tubes called bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| bronchioles conduct air between the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bronchioles are composed of bronchiolar smooth muscle which |
|
Definition
| determine size of respiratory air passages and flow of air to alveoli |
|
|
Term
| tiny grapelike air sacs surrounded by pulmonary capillaries. Gas exchange occurs across the thin walls of this structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the partial pressure or PO2 is 104mmHg in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bronchi or bronchus is distal to the |
|
Definition
| trachea and proximal to the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| bronchiolar constriction is likely to cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 lobes because the heart is on the left |
|
|
Term
| contains the structures of the lower respiratory tract, blood vessels, and connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| serous membranes in the chest cavity |
|
Definition
Pleural Membranes
visceral pleura (outside of lungs)
parietal pleura (inside of the chest wall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the pleural membranes prevents friction and keeps membranes together during breathing |
|
|
Term
| the potential space between pleural membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a lung will collapse when negative pressure is lost in the intrapleural space for two reasons |
|
Definition
| orientation of the lung tissue and the surface tension within the aveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventilation, exchange of respiratory gases, and transport of respiratory gases in the blood |
|
|
Term
| two phases of ventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one inhalation and one exhalation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller the volume the higher the pressure. The greater the volume lower the pressure the. If volume changes pressure changes. |
|
|
Term
| Ventilation occurs in responce to changes in the |
|
Definition
| thoracic volume (boyle's law) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thoracic volume increases. Intrapulmonic pressure decreases. Due to the contraction of respiratory muscles, diaphram, and intercostals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thoracic volume decreases. Intrapulmonic pressure increases. Elastic lung recoil and surface tension within aveoli aid with exhalation. Repiratory muscles relax. |
|
|
Term
| somatic nerves that supply the diaphram and intercostal muscles |
|
Definition
| phrenic and intercostal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of the phrenic and intercostal nerves causes |
|
Definition
| muscles to contract causing inhalation |
|
|
Term
| an active process meaning energy is used during muscle contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forced exhalation is due to |
|
Definition
| contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles. Normal exhalation is passive. |
|
|
Term
| exchange of gases occurs in |
|
Definition
| the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high pressure to low pressure |
|
|
Term
| PO2 or partial pressure of oxygen (amount of pressure gas contributes) is |
|
Definition
104mmHg in the alveoli
40mmHg in the pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| PCO2 or partial pressure of carbon dioxide is |
|
Definition
40mmHg in the alveoli
45mmHg in the pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Gases also exchange at the cells. |
|
Definition
Capillaries PO2 95mmHg
Cells PO2 40mmHg
PCO2 45mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin where oxygen forms a loose bond with the iron called oxyhemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| blood transports most carbon dioxide in the form of |
|
Definition
| bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and some CO2 is dissolved in plasma and bount to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tidal volume, Inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of air that moves in and out during one cycle |
|
|
Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| additional air that can be inahaled after a normal inhalation |
|
|
Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of air remaining in lungs at all times |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation. Combines tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
| air remaining in the large conducting passageways unavailable for gas exchange. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| respiratory center is located in the brain stem in |
|
Definition
| medullary respiratory center and the pons |
|
|
Term
| the contains inspiratory and expiratory neurons |
|
Definition
| medullary respiratory center. Nerve impulses travel along the phrenic and intercostal nerves. |
|
|
Term
| center helps control the medullary respiratory center to produce normal breathing pattern |
|
Definition
| pneumotaxic center and apneustic center in the pons |
|
|
Term
| two other areas of the brain that can control respirations |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus (emotional)
Cerebral Cortex (voluntary control of emotions) |
|
|
Term
| chemicals, stretching of the lung tissue, emotional states, and voluntary input can all affect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| central chemoreceptors associated with the respiratory center are stimulated by |
|
Definition
| blood levels of H+ and Carbon dioxide. Stimulation increases the rate of breathing. |
|
|
Term
| peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to low concentrations of |
|
Definition
| oxygen and H+ in the blood |
|
|
Term
| flap that covers the glottis preventing entrance of food and water into respiratory tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement of oxygen from alveoli across the pulmonary capillary membranes into the blood requires |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water has high surface tension |
|
Definition
| because it is a polar melecule |
|
|
Term
| found within the alveoli and greatly reduce the attractive forces among the water molecules lining the alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a preterm infant may develop respiratory distress because of a deficiency of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in order for the lungs to remain expanded you must have |
|
Definition
| negative intrapleural pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basis of ventilation.
Inverse relationship between pressure and volume |
|
|
Term
| most important muscle of inhalation, skeletal muscle, dome shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nerve that supplies the diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhalation is due to which nerve stimulation |
|
Definition
| phrenic nerve stimulation |
|
|
Term
| O2 diffuses from alveoli to |
|
Definition
| pulmonary capillarys attached to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Oxyhemoglobin and cabaminohemoglobin are related to |
|
Definition
| transport of gases by blood |
|
|
Term
| medullary oblongata is main respiratory control center. Medullary depression can cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2 is the most important regulator of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases respiratory excretion of carbon dioxide and can cause hypoxemia and acidosis |
|
|
Term
| inspiratory neurons in medulla fire |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement of air into the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the phrenic nerve fires the diaphram contracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prevents over inflation of the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interferes with the activation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles by their motor nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased respiratory activity due to acidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intrapulmonic pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opioid (narcotic) can depress the medulla oblongata and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased thoracic volume is from |
|
Definition
| relaxation of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
| can cause acute respiratory obstruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreases the surface area for gas exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suctioning of the lower airways may stimulate coughing that may be accompanied by life threatening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| activation of the beta 2 adrenergic receptors of the airways causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve |
|
|
Term
| structures of the bronchial tree |
|
Definition
| bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| collection of mucus in the lower airways can cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intra-alveolar surface tentions is due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| respiratory passages are lined with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulation of the phrenic and intercostal nerves causes the release of |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine neurotransmitter into neuromuscular junction |
|
|
Term
| structures of the upper respiratory tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| left ventricular heart falure |
|
Definition
| can cause pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
