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| Cosmopolitan Arabic dynasty (750-1258) that replaced the Umayyads; founded by Abu al-Abbas and reaching its peak under Harun al-Rashid. |
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| Epidemic that swept Eurasia, causing devastating population loss and disruption. Known as the Black Death in Europe after 1350 C.E. |
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| Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563--483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana. |
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| Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian (483--565). |
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| Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551-479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity. |
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| Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou dynasty; it is associated with legendary philosopher Laozi, and it called for a policy of inaction. |
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| Mongol tribe that controlled Russia from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries. |
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| Mongol state that ruled Persia after abolition of the Abbasid empire in the thirteenth century. |
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| Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam. |
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| The new name of Constantinople after it is sacked by Sultan Mehmed II in 1453. |
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| Branch of Buddhism that was similar to shamanism in its acceptance of magic and supernatural powers. |
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| Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ. |
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| Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566). |
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| Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire. |
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| Belief in shamans or religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers and who communicated with the gods and the spirits of nature. |
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| Islamic state in northern India established by Mahmud's successors in 1206 C.E. that began to establish the presence of Islam on the Indian subcontinent. |
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| Clerks, secretaries, and administrators for the Mongol Empire. |
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| Chinese dynasty (1279-1368) that was founded by the Mongol ruler Khubilai Khan. |
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| Tents used by nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes. |
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| The capital of the Carolingian Empire. |
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| Early Christian heresy that centered around teaching of Arius (250-336 C.E.) and contained the belief that Jesus was a mortal human being and not coeternal with God; Arianism was the focus of Council of Nicaea. |
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| Grant from a lord to a vassal, usually consisting of land, which supported the vassal and signified the relationship between the two. |
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| Royal clan established by Charlemagne, who expanded the Carolingian Empire into Spain, Bavaria, and Northern Italy. |
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| Germanic dynasty that was named after its most famous member, Charlemagne. |
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| Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind. |
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| Leader of the Franks whose conversion to Roman Christianity resulted in the Frankish conversion to Christianity. |
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| Germanic people who controlled Gaul following Roman decline and collapse. |
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| Device of the sixth century permitting the turning of heavy northern soils, rotating crops, and increased agricultural production. |
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| Central and western European kingdom created at the Treaty of Verdun in in 843 and lasting until 1806. |
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| Hungarian invaders who raided towns in Germany, Italy, and France in the ninth and tenth centuries. |
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| Large estates of the nobles during the European middle ages, home for the majority of the peasants. |
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| Peasants who, while not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to the lords on whose land they worked. |
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