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| ___________________ is a way of life, ideas, customs, and skills of a group that are passed along through generations. |
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| A _______________ is a society that has cities, a well organized government, and workers with specialized job skills. |
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| As the _________________ evolved, letter shapes gradually changed into a very flexible writing system that resembles the one we use today. |
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| _________________ is the transfer of ideas or customs from one culture to another. |
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| ___________________ is stories, myths, and legends that are passed on by word of mouth from generation to generation. |
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| Early civilizations developed near ____________________ which provided food, water, transportation, trade, and irrigation. |
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| _____________ are human-made objects (tools, jewelry, toys, and coins) that teach about the customs and beliefs of people of the past. |
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| ________________ is history that took place before the development of writing. |
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| Stone Age hunter-gathers were _____________: they moved from place to place gathering food with the seasons. |
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| Scientists debate whether Homo sapiens began a large ________________ to other regions of the world or independently evolved over time. |
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| With changes in Earth's climate, ______________ were exposed causing animals to migrate and forcing people to follow them to find food. |
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| By forming larger, more complex communities, early man could: _________ large animals, _______ from attack, and _____________. |
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| The development of ____________ and use of _______ were key factors in the survival of early humans. |
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| As early humans settled, they began to change the behavior of plants and animals in way that were useful for them; this process is called _________________. |
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| city-state, government, laws |
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| Each Sumerian _________________ was independent of its neighbors; it had its own _____________ and _________. |
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| _____________ is a system of trade in which people exchange goods/services but do not exchange money. |
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| fertile valley, Tigris, Euphrates Rivers |
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| Mesopotamia means the land between the rivers and is located in the _____________ between the _________ and __________________________. |
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| Sumerian farmers were the first to create an _________________ that could keep their crops alive through hot, dry summers and allow them to plant far from the rivers. |
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| __________________ is the belief in many gods. |
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| In Mesopotamia, ___________ and ____________ were combined and controlled by the priest. |
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| pictograph, symbols for syllables, letters for sounds |
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| As writing spread from one people to another, it went through a gradual evolution over time-___________, ___________, and finally ________________.
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| Mesopotamia offered the Sumerians ______________ for farming. |
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| A ___________ is a person trained to keep records in ancient times. |
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| Sargon the Great was the first ruler to unite the city-states of Sumer into one _________. |
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| _____________________ was the first set of laws created to _________ an empire. |
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| The Sumerian's invented the _________, ________ and ______________ for farming and to move trade items to and from Sumer. |
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| Egypt is located in northeastern Africa along the ___________, the "lifeblood" of Egypt because of ________ and _________. |
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| ________________ is long, thin reed growing along the banks of the Nile, used by Egyptians to make writing material. |
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| _______________ are symbols used to stand for words or sounds in Egypt. |
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| Egyptians believed their ______________ were god-kings that controlled everything on earth and gained authority by providing a good government. |
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| Many Egyptian _____________ spend their entire lives working on palaces, temples, and tombs. |
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| A _______________ is a body preserved by a special process. |
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| Homes and buildings in Egypt were made of _____________; more important buildings (pyramids, temples, tombs) were made of ______________ (limestone, granite) using simple tools and no wheels. |
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| Egyptians spent much of their lives planning to live for eternity because they believed in an ____________, life after death. |
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| The three seasons (flooding, planting, and harvesting) in Egypt were based on ___________, or the annual flooding of the Nile River. |
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| Egypt's natural borders (seas, deserts and, mountains) _____________ and _________ it from invaders. |
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| ___________ was located south of Egypt and was a source of great riches for the Egyptian empire. |
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| Judaism was the first religion based on _______________, the belief in one god. |
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| Hebrews followed a tradition of _____________ behavior; behavior based on ideas of ____________ and ____________. |
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| The ____________________________ and oter laws tell the Israelites how to behave toward God and one another. |
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| God made a _____________ (a binding agreement) with Abraham that the land of Canaan would belong to Abraham's descendants--it became known as the promised land. |
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| Hebrew Bible, common belief |
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| Scriptures, or sacred writings, of the Jews are known as the ______________-this shared story unites Jews all over the world in __________________. |
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| The _____________, led by Moses, was when he Hebrews left _________________ for the promised land of Canaan. |
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| The _______________ was the most important building in Jerusalem. |
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| The Hebrews were exiled to _______________ when their country was canquered by the Babylonian Empire. |
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| _____________________ (author of many psalms) made Jerusalem the capital of the Hebrew lands and a center for worship. |
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| The ______________ brought changes in the way Jews worshipped; they were encourages to celebrate their festivals and practices their faith in a _______________. |
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| After the Romans destroyed The Temple, ___________________ set up a center for the Jewish scholars so learning would survive and remain important to the Jews. |
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| __________________ gave teh world the idea of one supreme God who created everything; an idea later shared by Christianity and Islam. |
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| The two kingdoms of the Ancient Hebrews were __________ and ____________. |
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| ________________ helped the Greek civilization to have contact with others and spread ideas, goods, and customs. |
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| ______________, political power held by a small segment of society was an early form of government in many early Greek city-states. |
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| ______________ won popular support by promising land and other benefits to the poor; with that support, they set up __________________ (governments run by a single strong ruler). |
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| Under a ____________ government (rule by the people), large numbers of Greeks began to participate in civic (community) affairs. |
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| The idea of __________ set the people of Greece apart from other countries because people had rights and responsibilities within the government. |
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| _____________________ (citizens participate directly in government decision making) worked in Athens because the city-state was small and because of the commitment and hard work of its citizens. |
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| Most democracies today are a _________________________ in which citizens elect others to represent them in government. |
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| Sparta and Athens joined together to defeat the Persians in the ____________________. |
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| The _____________________________ was fought between Sparta and Athens because Athens would not give up some of the control gained after the Persian Wars. |
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| _______________ carried out a series of reforms that contributed to the development of democracy, protections, and beautification of Athens. |
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| ________________, a Greek philosopher and well-known teacher, challenged accepted beliefs to search for the truth and meaning of life. |
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| The first woman to be noted for excellence in mathematics, ___________, was a teacher of philosophy, astronomy, and religion. |
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| _________ wrote down Socrates ideas; he later founded a school of philosophy called the Academy. |
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| ______________, the most famous natural philosopher, made many contributions to different fields of study (math, government,poetry, science, etc). |
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| ____________, an important mathematician brought together all that was known about geometry in his book Elements. |
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| A general in the Peloponnesian War, ___________, wrote about the events surrounding the war with the actions of people rather than declaring it the work of outside forces. |
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| Alexander the Great spread ___________________________ through Persia, India and Egypt. |
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| Greek culture and beliefs |
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| __________ wrote the Odyssey and the Iliad, two epic poems about the adventures of Odysseus. |
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| ______________ was a Greek slave who taught moral lessons in the form of fables. |
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| The Indian culture was divided into a _________ system: priests, rulers/warriors, artisans/bankers/merchants, and servants. |
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