Term
| 2 kinds of adult stem cells |
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Definition
undifferentiated cells in tissues of adults
Multipotent: bone marrow producing several blood cell types
Unipotent: most limited plasticity; only epidermal cells produced |
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Term
| 2 kinds of embryonic stem cells |
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Definition
Totipotent: have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell
Source—cells of very early embryo
Pluripotent: can develop into any type of cell in the embryo
Source—cells of inner cell mass of embryo |
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Term
| 2 types of exocrine glands |
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Definition
Unicellular glands—found in epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory
Mucus-secreting goblet cells
Multicellular glands
Branched (compound) or unbranched (simple)
Tubular or acinar (shaped like a flask) |
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Term
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Definition
—tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type
Space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries
Fat is the body’s primary energy reservoir
The quantity of stored triglyceride and the number of adipocytes are quite stable in a person
Fat is recycled continuously to prevent stagnation
New triglycerides are constantly synthesized and stored
Old triglycerides are hydrolyzed and released into circulation |
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Term
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Definition
—primarily merocrine mode of secretion
A ‘part of’ gland pinches off
Axillary sweat glands, mammary glands |
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Term
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Definition
—programmed cell death
Normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way
Phagocytized by macrophages and other cells
Billions of cells die by apoptosis
Every cell has a built-in “suicide program” |
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Term
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Definition
| —shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number |
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Term
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Definition
| delicate canals that radiate from each lacuna to its neighbors, and allow osteocytes to contact each other |
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Term
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Definition
connections between one cell and another
All cells (except blood and metastatic cancer cells) are anchored to each other or their matrix by intercellular junctions
Resist stress and communicate with each other |
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Term
| Characteristics Connective tissue |
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Definition
Scattered cells; abundant matrix
Supports and binds structures together
Stores energy as fat
Provides immunity to disease
Transportation (blood) |
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Term
| Characteristics Muscle and Bervous tissue |
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Definition
Muscle tissue
Specialized to contract and produce movement
Nervous tissue
Conduct electrical signals
Detect changes within and outside body
Responds to nerve signals |
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Term
| Characteristics of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
Cellularity - composed of closely connected cells
Polarity - apical free space and basal surface attached to connective tissue
Attachment - bound to undersurface (basal lamina)
Avascularity - lack blood vessels
Regenerative - continuously replaced |
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Term
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Definition
is arranged in cylinders that surround central (haversian or osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones
Blood vessels and nerves travel through central canal
Bone matrix deposited in concentric lamella
Onionlike layers around each central canal |
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Term
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Definition
Fibers fill spaces between cells
Types vary in fiber orientation
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Term
| Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells
Withstands unpredictable stresses
Deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs |
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Term
| Dense regular connective tissue |
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Definition
Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
Compressed fibroblast nuclei
Elastic tissue/fibers, wavy sheets
Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together |
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Term
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Definition
| —diversity of mature cell types to which stem cells can give rise |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilage containing elastic fibers
Covered with perichondrium
Provides flexible, elastic support
External ear and epiglottis |
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Term
| Embryonic Mucous Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Star-shaped cells in jelly-like ground substance
Found only in the umbilical cord |
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Term
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Definition
- lose contact w/ surface & have no ducts
- hormones are secreted into blood directly
- thyroid, adrenal, pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
—a characteristic of all living cells
Developed to highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
maintain their contact with the body surface by way of a duct (epithelial tube that conveys secretion to surface)
Sweat, mammary, and tear glands |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers
Never has perichondrium
Resists compression and absorbs shock
Pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs |
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Term
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Definition
—cells and cell fragments
Erythrocytes—red blood cells: transport O2 and CO2
Leukocytes—white blood cells: defense against infection and other diseases
Platelets—cell fragments involved in clotting and other mechanisms |
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Term
| Gap (communicating) junction |
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Definition
—formed by a ringlike connexon
Consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange
Surrounding water-filled pores
Ions, glucose, amino acids, and other solutes pass from one cell to the next |
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Term
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Definition
—anchor the basal cells of epithelium to the underlying basement membrane
Epithelium cannot easily peel away from underlying tissues |
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Term
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Definition
—cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates
Secretion of a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substance
Oil glands of scalp, glands of eyelids |
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Term
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Definition
Clear, glassy microscopic appearance because of unusual fineness of the collagen fibers
Usually covered by perichondrium
Articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton
Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords during speech |
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Term
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Definition
| —tissue growth through cell multiplication |
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Term
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Definition
—enlargement of preexisting cells
Muscle growth through exercise
Accumulation of body fat |
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Term
| Keratinized stratified squamous |
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Definition
Multiple cell layers with cells becoming flat and scaly toward surface
Epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratinized
Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms |
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Term
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Definition
Much gel-like ground substance between cells
Types
Areolar
Reticular |
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Term
| Membrane potential in nervous/ muscular tissue |
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Definition
—electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the plasma membranes is the basis for their excitation
Respond quickly to outside stimulus by means of changes in membrane potential
Nerves: changes result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells
Muscles: changes result in contraction, shortening of the cell |
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Term
| Merocrine glands (eccrine glands) |
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Definition
have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis
Tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, and others |
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Term
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Definition
—elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation
Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs
Creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation
Important source of body heat
Three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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Term
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Definition
| —premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections |
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Term
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Definition
—development of a tumor (neoplasm)
Benign or malignant
Composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Neurosoma (cell body)
Houses nucleus and other organelles
Cell’s center of genetic control and protein synthesis
Dendrites
Multiple short, branched processes
Receive signals from other cells
Transmit messages to neurosoma
Axon (nerve fiber)
Sends outgoing signals to other cells
Can be more than a meter long |
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Term
| Nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
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Definition
Same as keratinized epithelium without the surface layer of dead cells
Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina
Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| mature bone cells that occupy the lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
| central canal and its surrounding lamellae |
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Term
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Definition
| —tough fibrous connective tissue covering of the bone as a whole |
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Term
| Pseudostratified epithelium |
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Definition
Looks multilayered; some not reaching free surface; all touch basement membrane
Nuclei at several layers
With cilia and goblet cells
Secretes and propels mucus
Respiratory tract and portions of male urethra |
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Term
| Reticular connective tissue |
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Definition
Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts
Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs
Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow |
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Term
| Simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
Single row of tall, narrow cells
Oval nuclei in basal half of cell
Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells
Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes |
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Term
| Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
Single layer of square or round cells
Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement
Liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules |
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Term
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Definition
– Lacks striations and is involuntary
Relatively short, fusiform cells (thick in middle, tapered at ends)
One centrally located nucleus
Visceral muscle—forms layers of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract: propels contents through an organ, regulates diameter of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
—undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function
Have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells |
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Term
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
Two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round
Secretes sweat; sperm production and ovarian hormone production
Sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules |
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Term
| The Stem-Cell Controversy |
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Definition
Possible treatment for diseases caused by loss of functional cell types by embryonic stem cells
Cardiac muscle cells, injured spinal cord, insulin-secreting cells
Skin and bone marrow stem cells have been used in therapy for years
Adult stem cells have limited developmental potential
Difficult to harvest and culture |
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Term
| The term bone has two meanings: |
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Definition
An organ of the body: femur, mandible; composed of multiple tissue types
Bone tissue (osseous tissue) makes up most of the mass of bone |
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Term
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Definition
a region in which adjacent cells are bound together by fusion of the outer phospholipid layer of their plasma membranes
In epithelia, forms a zone that completely encircles each cell near its apical pole
Seals off intercellular space
Makes it impossible for substance to pass between cells |
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Term
| Tissue Degeneration and Death |
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Definition
| atrophy, necrosis and apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| —increasing the number of cells or the existing cells grow larger |
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Term
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Definition
Multilayered epithelium surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
Allows for filling of urinary tract
Ureter and bladder |
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Term
| Two forms of osseous tissue |
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Definition
Spongy bone: spongy in appearance
Delicate struts of bone: trabeculae
Covered by compact bone
Found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum
Compact bone: denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces
More complex arrangement
Cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones |
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Term
| Types of cartilage vary with fiber types |
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Definition
| Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane
Energy storage, insulation, cushioning
Subcutaneous fat and organ packing
Brown fat (hibernating animals) produces heat |
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Term
| areolar connective tissue |
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Definition
Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space
Underlies all epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid connective tissue
Transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place
Plasma—blood’s liquid ground substance |
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Term
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Definition
Cardiac muscle
Limited to the heart
Myocytes or cardiocytes are shorter, branched, and notched at ends
Contain one centrally located nucleus surrounded by light-staining glycogen
Intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end
Provide electrical and mechanical connection
Striated and involuntary (not under conscious control) |
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Term
| characteristics of cartilage |
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Definition
Supportive connective tissue with flexible, rubbery matrix
No blood vessels
Heals slowly
Matrix rich in chondroitin sulfate and contains collagen fibers
Types of cartilage vary with fiber types
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
Cells:
Chondroblasts produce matrix
Chondrocytes—cartilage cells in lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Gland—cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body
Composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule
May produce product synthesized by the gland (digestive enzymes) or products removed from tissues and modified by the gland (urine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretion—product useful to the body |
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Term
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Definition
Desmosomes—patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap)
Serves to keep cells from pulling apart—resists mechanical stress
Hooklike J-shaped proteins arise from cytoskeleton
Approach cell surface
Penetrate into thick protein plaques linked to transmembrane proteins
Hemidesmosomes—anchor the basal cells of epithelium to the underlying basement membrane
Epithelium cannot easily peel away from underlying tissues |
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Term
| different types of cells in connective tissue and their function |
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Definition
Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance
Macrophages phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigen)
Arise from white blood cells called monocytes
Leukocytes, or white blood cells
Neutrophils wander about attacking bacteria
Lymphocytes react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign material
Plasma cells synthesize disease-fighting antibodies
Arise from lymphocytes
Mast cells are found alongside blood vessels
Secrete heparin to inhibit clotting
Secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels
Adipocytes store triglycerides (fat molecules) |
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Term
| different types of fibers in connective tissue and their function |
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Definition
Collagenous fibers
Most abundant of the body’s proteins—25%
Tough, flexible, and resist stretching
Tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of the skin are mostly collagen
Less visible in matrix of cartilage and bone
Reticular fibers
Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein
Form framework of such organs as spleen and lymph nodes
Elastic fibers
Thinner than collagenous fibers
Branch and rejoin each other
Made of protein called elastin
Allows stretch and recoil
Yellow fibers—fresh elastic fibers |
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Term
| function of connective tissue |
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Definition
Binding of organs—tendons and ligaments
Support—bones and cartilage
Physical protection—cranium, ribs, sternum
Immune protection—white blood cells attack foreign invaders
Movement—bones provide lever system
Storage—fat, calcium, phosphorus
Heat production—metabolism of brown fat in infants
Transport—blood |
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Term
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Definition
Inherited disorder of the fibrillin gene
Abnormal development of elastic fibers
Tendency to be tall with long legs, arms, fingers and toes, concave sternum
Life-threatening weakening of aorta may lead to rupture |
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Term
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Definition
e,bryonic connective tissue- Irregularly shaped cells
In semi-fluid ground substance with reticular fibers
Gives rise to all other types of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Protect and assist neurons
“Housekeepers” of nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of neurons (nerve cells)
Detect stimuli
Respond quickly
Transmit coded information rapidly to other cells |
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Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
Single row of thin cells
Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
Secretes serous fluid
Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa |
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Term
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Definition
Long, threadlike cells called muscle fibers
Most attach to bone
Exceptions: in tongue, upper esophagus, facial muscles, some sphincter muscles (ringlike or cufflike muscles that open and close body passages)
Contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane
Striations—alternating dark and light bands
Voluntary—conscious control over skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells
Some cells resting directly on others
Only the deepest layer attaches to the basement membrane
Three stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their surface cells
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar (rare)
Fourth type
Transitional epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
Most widespread epithelium in the body
Deepest layers undergo continuous mitosis
Their daughter cells push toward the surface and become flatter as they migrate farther upward
Finally die and flake off—exfoliation or desquamation
Two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia
Keratinized—found on skin surface, abrasion resistant
Nonkeratinized—lacks surface layer of dead cells |
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Term
| tissue developement: differentiation |
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Definition
Unspecialized tissues of embryo become specialized mature types
Mesenchyme to muscle |
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Term
| tissue developement: metaplasia |
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Definition
Changing from one type of mature tissue to another
Simple cuboidal tissue of vagina before puberty changes to stratified squamous after puberty
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium of bronchi of smokers to stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
| tissue repair - fibrosis` |
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Definition
replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue
Holds organs together
Does not restore normal function
Severe cuts and burns, healing of muscle injuries, scarring of lungs in tuberculosis |
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Term
| tissue repair - regeneration |
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Definition
replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before
Restores normal function
Skin injuries and liver regenerate |
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Term
| types of connective tissue |
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Definition
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Regular, irregular & elastic
Cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
Bone
Blood & Lymph
Adipose |
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Term
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Definition
Types:
Cutaneous membrane (the skin)—largest
Mucous membrane (mucosa) lines passages that open to the external environment
Serous membrane (serosa)—internal membrane
Produces serous fluid that arises from blood
Covers organs and lines walls of body cavities
Synovial membrane—lines joint cavities
Connective tissue layer only, secretes synovial fluid |
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Term
| what composes connective tissue? |
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Definition
Cells + Matrix
Matrix = Fibers + Ground Substance |
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Term
| what constitutes fibrous connective tissue?` |
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Definition
Ground substance
Usually a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
Chondroitin sulfate—most abundant GAG
Responsible for stiffness of cartilage
Hyaluronic acid—viscous, slippery substance that forms an effective lubricant in joints
Proteoglycan
Forms thick colloids that create strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules; holds tissues together
Adhesive glycoproteins—bind components of tissues together |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adipose connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| areolar connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| areolar connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| keratinized stratified squamous |
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Term
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Definition
| keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| keratinized stratified squamous |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| non-keratinized stratified squamous |
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Term
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Definition
| non-keratinized stratified squamous |
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Term
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Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
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