Details Title: 08 History CRT Study Guide Description: For the IB kids and normal kids Total Flash Cards: 161 Created: 12/09/2008 14:57:48		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional History Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term What changes took place in European society during the mid and late Middle Ages? Definition Nobles lost power as monarchs expanded their control over vast area. Term What was one of the first documents to help protect the rights the of free individuals? Definition Magna Carta Term What was a common European name for the land of Asia? Definition the Indies Term What happened as a result of Columbus's discovery of lands he believed to be Asia? Definition Spain persuaded the pope to create a Line of Demarcation securing its right to lands west of the line. Term What were the merchants who invested in a joint-stock company able to accomplish? Definition raise $ for new ventures and reduce the individual risk of starting a business Term What were trade networks in Africa built around? Definition gold, ivory, salt, and slaves Term What was a consequence of Portuguese exploration of Africa? Definition More warfare among West African kingdoms. Term What motivated the Dutch to come to America? Definition interest in trade Term Why did the French want to prevent English settlement in the Ohio River valley and the area around the Great Lakes? Definition In order to protect their already profitable fur trade. Term When did Parliament passed the Tea Act? Definition when the British East India Trading Company proposed selling its tea directly to the colonies Term What was the purpose of the Declaratory Act? Definition to ensure Parliament had the power to pass laws for the colonies Term What was the first law of Parliament that directly taxed teh colonists, not just trade goods? Definition Stamp Act Term What was the conflict resulted from British assumption that the Treaty of Paris granted Britain the American Indian lands in France's Northa American territory known as? Definition Pontiac's Rebellion Term What act was passed by Parliament after the repeal of the Stamp Act? Definition Townshend Act Term Why did more settlers begin crossing the Appalachian Mountains in the 1760s? Definition The British victory in the French and Indian War reduced their concerns about American Indian raids. Term Where did the Boston Massacre gain its name and reputation? Definition from the propoganda used by Samuel Adams and other Boston protesters Term Whose ideas was the slogan "No Taxation without Representation" based on? Definition Samuel Adams and James Otis Term What was Parliament's right to tax all paper items, such as legal documents and newspapers, called? Definition Stamp Act Term Why did Colonial merchants and smugglers oppose the Tea Act? Definition for fear the British East India COmpany would monopolize trade with its cheap tea and put them out of business Term Why was The Albany Plan of Union written? Definition to unite the colonies in the same way as the Iroquois League Term How did colonists respond to the Townshend Acts? Definition with another large-scale boycott of British goods Term Who created the Committees of Correspondence? Definition Samuel Adams and others to share ideas regarding the new British laws Term What was created as a result of the Stamp Act? Definition Sons of Liberty Term Who was one of the first colonists to protest unfair taxation? Definition James Otis Term Who viewed the Stamp Act as unjust? Definition William Pitt, a member of Parliament Term What was the turning point of the French and Indian War? Definition General James Wolfe captured Quebec Term When did Massachusetts legislature call for a Stamp Act Congress? Definition when the Virginia House of Burgesses supported some of Patrick Henry's resolutions Term Why did Parliament repeal the Townshend Acts? Definition to further reduce colonial tension after the Boston Massacre Term What was the first battle of the French and Indian War? Definition the Battle of Fort Necessity Term As lawyers for the British soldiers charged with murder in 1770, Josiah Quincy and John Adams, used what defense for the soldiers? Definition They acted in self-defense. Term What were the Colonial Wars of the late 1600s and the 1700s a result of? Definition France and England's desire to dominate Europe and North America Term Although the original draft of the Declaration of Independence included a passage condemning the slave trade, why was the passage removed? Definition the southern delegates objected to it Term Who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence? Definition Thomas Jefferson Term What was one important advantage that the colonists had over the British? Definition a strong belief in the cause for which they fought Term When did the colonists' rebellion against Britain become a full-scale revolution? Definition when the Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence Term What happened when George Washington took command of the Continental Army? Definition He did not know whether he could build a strong enough army Term Where was the colonists' ability to withstand an assault by the British army proven? Definition at the Battle of Bunker Hill Term How did Washington and 2400 Patriot soldiers surprise the enemy at Trenton on December 25, 1776? Definition by crossing the Delaware River at night Term When did the Second Continental Congres convene? Definition when the first shots were fired at Lexington and Concord Term When did the Marquis de Lafayette, a wealthy French aristocrat, fight for the Patriots? Definition beginning in 1777 Term How did officers from the country of Poland aid the Patriot cause? Definition by donating their army engineering and cavalry skills to the Continental Army Term What had already happened when King George III rejected the July 5, 1775, Olive Branch Petition? Definition General Washington was already gathering troops for the Continental Army Term Why did Thomas Paine reach a wider audience than most other pamphlet writers of his day? Definition He wrote as a common man to common people. Term What established the national borders of the US? Definition the Treaty of Paris of 1783 Term What best describes the Revolutionary War during the winter of 1777-78? Definition More than one fifth of Washington's troops died of disease and malnutrition at Valley Forge Term Why was General Washington most impressed by Marquis de Lafayette? Definition his passion for the Patriot cause Term What did supporters of the Constitution call themselves? Definition Federalists Term What did Enlightenment philosopher John Locke believe? Definition The rule of law is more important than the authority of any individual. Term What best describes the trade imbalance in America? Definition Imports from Britain exceeded exports to Britain. Term How did the Three-Fifths Compromise solve the problem of how slaves would be counted? Definition The slaves in deciding each state's taxes. Term Which of the following best describes the Articles of Confederation? Definition They created a central government with limited powers and no president. Term What best describes the Federalist Papers? Definition They were a series of essays that defended the Constitution. Term What did Antifederalists such as Patrick Henry fear? Definition They feared that the checks and balances on the federal government were insufficient. Term What is the sharing of governmental power between a central authority and the states or provinces that make up a country? Definition federalism Term What had to happen in order for the COnstitution to go into effect? Definition Nine of the states had to ratify it. Term Which of the following is a government in which representatives are elected by the people? Definition a republic Term What best describes the national government created under the Articles of Confederation? Definition A confederation Congress with one vote from each state. Term Why did the delegates from the smaller states strongly object to the Virginia Plan? Definition Because small states would have very few representatives in Congress while large states would have many. Term What were The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut examples of? Definition self-government documents written by Americans before the Revolution Term Why did Northern delegates to the Constitutional Convention agree to let the slave trade continue for another 20 years? Definition because if southern delegates would drop the demand that laws in Congress be passed with a two-thirds majority vote Term Which of the following are American models for representative government? Definition The New England town meeting and the Virginia House of Burgesses. Term How is ability of the Constitution to fit the needs of a changing nation best exemplified? Definition by the Bill of Rights and other amendments Term What system prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful? Definition checks and balances Term Where can the words and ideas of John Locke best be expressed? Definition They influenced those who wanted to create a new government in America. Term What did some southern delegates threaten to do if the Constitution included an immediate ban on the slave trade? Definition withdraw from the Union Term What did the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom inspire all other states to do by 1833? Definition not establish an official church Term Why did some Federalists believe the Constitution was itself a bill of rights? Definition Because it was written to ensure liberty for all citizens Term What was the original purpose of the 1787 COnstitutional Congress? Definition to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation Term Where did Federalists John Jay and Alexander Hamilton lead the fight for ratification? Definition New York Term What authority does the Constitution give to the House of Representatives? Definition The authority to bring criminal charges against a president. Term What are Writs of Assistance? Definition They allow law officials to search any colonists Term What is the separation of powers referring to according to the Constitution? Definition states and the federal government Term Who were the only presidents ever to have been impeached? Definition Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton Term What are life appointments to the federal court system meant to ensure? Definition That judges make their decisions free from the influence of a particular party Term What powers are retained by the state governments or by citizens? Definition reserved powers Term Who makes up the president's cabinent? Definition heads of the 14 executive departments Term Which branch is responsible for enforcing the laws approved by Congress? Definition executive branch Term What are some of the duties of American citizens? Definition obeying laws, paying taxes, protecting the nation, and serving on juries Term What is a provision of the 22th Amendment, ratified in 1951? Definition It prevents any president from being elected to more than two terms. Term How did the idea for the president's cabinent originate? Definition Washington began meeting with executive department heads as a group. Term What did Washington do when political parties began to form during his presidency? Definition He worried that parties posed a threat to national unity. Term Which leader supported strict construction, meaning that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do? Definition Thomas Jefferson Term Why was the election of 1800 most important? Definition It weakened the Federalist Party and strengthened th Republicans. Term Which of the following is true of the Bank of the US? Definition It was chartered by Congress in 1791. Term What event brought on the rallying cry of the American people "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!"? Definition XYZ affair Term Who supported loose construction, meaning that the federal government can take actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid? Definition Alexander Hamilton Term Who and/or what were members of the Whiskey Rebellion protesting? Definition taxes on whiskey Term Why did Congress organize the government's judicial branch in 1789? Definition The Constitution's requirements for the judicial branch were not specific. Term Why was Hamilton's plan for debt assumption controversial? Definition He wanted the federal government to pay much of the states' war expenses. Term Who or what did Washington believe threatened national unity the most? Definition regional and political differences Term What did Washington advise the US to do when France and Great Britain went to war? Definition remain neutral Term What was one of the most significant developments of the Renaissance? Definition Gutenburg's invention of movable type for European presses Term What attracted the Dutch and the Swedish to North America? Definition trade and good land Term Who led former indentured servants to attack and burn Jamestown? Definition Nathaniel Bacon Term What crop in the South Carolina colony thrived after African laborers taught the colonist how to raise it? Definition rice Term Which colonists agreed to work from four to seven years for those who paid their ship fare to America? Definition proprietors Term As a result of the Great Awakening what did the congregations of some established churches in the colonies divided into? Definition Old Lights and New Lights Term Why did Parliament pass a series of Navigation Acts between 1650 and 1696? Definition trade in the colonies Term What was the Glorious Revolution? Definition overthrow of King James II Term What region is best described as a harsh climate with rocky soil? Definition the New England colonies Term When was the first attempt to unite the colonists in time of crisis? Definition the Albany Plan of Union Term What did the Massachusetts legislature invite delegates from the other colonies to do in 1765? Definition attend the Stamp Act Congress in New York Term What action did British officials take to enforce the Townshend Acts in 1767? Definition They used Writs of Assistance that allowed tax collectors to search for smuggled goods. Term When did colonists first begin using the slogan "No Taxation without Representation"? Definition after the Sugar Act Term What actions best describe what colonists called the Boston Massacre? Definition British soldiers fired into a civilian crowd, resulting into several deaths Term What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga? Definition It was the greatest victory up to that point for the American forces. Term What was a requirement to become a state for settlers in a portion of the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance? Definition number at least 60,000 inhabitants and petition Congress Term What did James Madison encourage the legislators to do during Congress's first session after the ratification of the Constitution? Definition put together a bill of rights Term During the Constitutional Convention, what did James Madison agree to do? Definition add a bill of rights to the Constitution to protect the rights of individuals Term Which nations would the US remain neutral to according to Neutrality Proclamation? Definition all nations at war in Europe Term What did Hamilton believe debt assumption would accomplish? Definition improve business in debtor states and inspire greater support for the federal government Term Why did the French establish colonies in the northern part of North America in the early 1600s? Definition the explorations of Cartier and Champlain had given France a claim to much of present-day eastern Canada Term Which country began the European trade in African slaves? Definition Portugal Term What was a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas? Definition It came under Portuguese control. Term What Asian goods were most valued by Europeans? Definition slik and spices Term What was the rebirth of European interest in the arts and learning of ancient Greece and Rome known as? Definition Renaissance Term Where did the Renaissance begin in the mid-1300s? Definition Italy Term What was a result of the Commercial Revolution? Definition Merchants became more aggressive about adjusting prices in order to make profits. Term What rediscovery contributed to the Renaissance? Definition ancient Greek and Roman works Term How are inflation in Spain and defeat of the Spanish Armada related to colonization? Definition Spain's Golden Age gradually came to an end and it lost power in the New World. Term How did England attempt to strengthen it claim to North America? Definition esablishing permanent fishing villages Term Which of the following was a result of the invention of the printing press? Definition It helped spread the Protestant Reformation. Term What action did the Spanish take as a result of American Indian resistance, high death rates from disease, and lack of success of the encomienda system in the Caribbean? Definition They brough enslaved Africans to work in New Spain. Term How is Germany related to the Protestant Reformation? Definition The Pope made the people there the main targets of his hatred. Term What was Henry VIII's motive for founding the Anglican Church? Definition He wanted a divorce and the Pope wouldn't give him one. Term How was the defeat of the Aztecs related to their religion? Definition They believed the Spanish conquerors were gods. Term What best describes the borderlands of New Spain? Definition They had little mineral wealth, harsh conditions, and only a few scattered settlements. Term What was England's motive for founding Roanoke colony? Definition Gaining a foothold in the New World. Term What obstructed the growth and success of the Virginia colony most until the 1670's? Definition poor colonial leadership Term The Pilgrims were persecuted by English authorities because of religious intolerance. What would have been the main reason for this intolerance? Definition They left England and moved to the Netherlands in 1608. Term What was the motive behind the first settlers arrival in Jamestown? Definition They were adventurers who hoped to discover gold without having to establish a settlement. Term Why did England's Great Migration occur? Definition Economic and political circumstances became unbearable for dissenters. Term How is William Bradford related to the English colonies? Definition He led Plymouth. Term When did the Virginia colony begin to thrive economically? Definition when John Rolfe introduced West Indian tobacco in 1612 Term What was the goal of the first colonies to arrive in Jamestown? Definition to search for gold Term What was the function of Captain John Smith in the Virginia colony? Definition strong leadership Term How is gender related to politics in Massachusetts? Definition only male church members could vote Term What are the features of the Virginia Colony's government? Definition a general court with a two-house legislature Term How was the year 1607 related to Jamestown? Definition the first colonists arrived Term What did the Reverend Thomas Hooker establish in 1639? Definition Fumdamental Orders of Connecticut, principles of government that gave more people the right to vote Term How is William Penn's model of Philadelphia related to other colonial cities? Definition Penn's model was used by others Term What group of people served as the motive behind Baltimore's establishment of a new colony in America? Definition for Catholics Term How did the decline in the number of indentured servants in Virginia affect many farmers? Definition They preferred enslaved African slaves to indentured servants, who had to be set free at the end of their contracts. Term What motive led the Pilgrims to leave the Netherlands? Definition to maintain an English culture and heritage for their children Term What happened as a result of revivals held during the 1730s and 1740s? Definition People throughout the colonies experienced a Great Awakening in their religious beliefs. Term Why were slave codes passed by colonial legislatures? Definition They controlled slaves by establishing rules of conduct for them. Term What was the first colonial legislature formed in the colonies? Definition an assembly, established in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619 Term What motive was behind the production of cash crops such as cotton? Definition regional dominance Term What was the main idea of the Enlightenment? Definition that a scientific thinking could be used to study human nature and improve the world Term Which of the following best describes a part of the so-called triangular trade? Definition It went from the colonies to the West Indies to Britain. Term What was the motive behind the many laws in Massachusetts enforce by the Puritans? Definition combine church and state Term How are cotton and tobacco related to the southern colonies? Definition They were primary cash crops. Term What motive led colonists to establish schools in New England? Definition They wanted to educate a ministry for future generations Term What are the features of a bicameral legislatures? Definition a law making body made up of two houses, or groups Term What was the focus of the ministers of the Great Awakening? Definition sinful state of humanity and everyone's equal chance to be saving Term Why did Parliament ask the rulers of the Netherlands to lead England? Definition James II wanted to change England back to a Catholic nation. Term How are rich fishing waters and abundant timber related to New England? Definition It made fishing and shipbuilding two leading industries in New England. Term What is a favorable balance of trade? Definition having fewer imports than exports Term How is diverse New England climate related to its economy and labor demands? Definition skilled craftsmen who had trained as apprentices were needed Term What were the Navigation Acts? Definition trade with England Term What did the New England colonies develop a tradition of holding Definition one or more town meetings a year