Details Title: 07 Midterm ID's Description: chapters 5-11 Total Flash Cards: 47 Created: 12/16/2007 08:06:18		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional History Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term carolingian renaissance Definition who- charlamagne and alcuin of york and scholars what- a flowering of culture, especially Greek and Latin literature where- charlamagne's empire when- 768 - 814 sig.- charlamagne brought back the use of Latin because it was efficient for the government and that it was crucial fir the propagation of christianity Term Charlamagne Definition who- charlamagne and his empire what- he was leader of the Carolingian Empire where- Empire of Charlamagne when- 768 - 814 sig.- he became the first emperor in over five centuries Term Wergild Definition who- Germanics what- what an individual was woth in case he/she suffered from injury/death where- germanic communities when- eighth century sig.- showed the first of legal system punishment Term feudalism Definition who- Carolingians what- a social system common in the middle ages that granted fiefs to vassals where- empire of charlamagne when- ninth and tenth centuries sig.- it shows the connections of a lord-vassal relationship and the holding of a fief Term black death Definition who- people everywhere in Europe what- bubonic, pneumonic, and systemic virus that killed 1/3 of Europe's population where- Europe when- 1348 - 1600 sig.- killed 1/3 of Europe's population Term Cyril and Methodius Definition who- Cyril and Methodius what- they were missionaries. they guaranteed the autonomy of Bulgarian Church and made the slavic alphabet where- Moravia when- Cyril (826 - 869) Methodius (815 - 885) sig.- helped Bulgarian Church and made cultural ties that still exist today Term Macedonian Renaissance Definition who- Macedonian Dynasty (Basil I) what- a stretch of time when aristocrat families, the church, and monasteries devoted their riches to making Constantinople better where- Byzantine Empire when- 867 - 1056 sig.- kept Constantinople in really good shape Term iconoclasm Definition who- Emperor Leo III what- destruction of religious images in the Byzantine Empire where- Byzantine Empire (Constantinople) when- 730 sig.- Leo III tried to stop a tradition that occurs still today in Orthadox Christian Churches, but failed Term Magna Carta Definition who- King John what- when King John was forced to sign the "great charter" and stated that he had to respect the feudal privileges of nobility, towns, and clergy where- England when- 1215 sig.- made kings accept the law Term scholasticism Definition who- scholars in Europe what - a broad theological movement that dominated medieval thought and university training where- universities throughout Europe when- 14th and 15th centuries sig.- it helped schools with a better understanding of philosophy and theology Term William I, the Conqueror Definition who- William I, the Conqueror what- the king of England where- England when- 1066 - 1087 sig.- made England's land all a fief, made himself Lord of all Lords and transformed England's hierarchy Term Investiture Controversy Definition who- Popes and German Emperors what- a dispute that began in 1076 between Popes and German Emperors over the right to invest bishops into their offices where- Rome when- 1076 sig.- led to the excommunication of King Henry Term Copernicus and Galileo Definition who- Copernicus and Galileo what- men who studied astronomy and anatomy where- Italy when- 14th and 15th centuries sig.- were both very interested in astronomy and anatomy. Galileo invented the telescope. Copernicus believed that the Earth revolved around the Sun. Term Brunelleschi Definition who- Brunelleschi what- painted and architect during the Italian Renaissance where- Florence when- he was most important during the reign of Cosimo de Medici (1434 - 1464) sig.- he discovered the use of linear perspective and finished the dome in Florence Term Isabella and Ferdinand Definition who- Isabella (Queen of Castile) and Ferdinand (King of Aragon) what- they were 2 people who were married for an alliance between Castile and Aragon and they later became King and Queen of Spain where- Castile and Aragon, later Spain when- were married in 1469, unified Spain in 1479 sig.- they made the alliance between Castile and Aragon and later unified Spain Term Petrarch/ Humanism Definition who- Petrarca and other humanists what- humanists which were people who studied the purest form of Latin and Greek and base everything they learn off late antiquity where- Europe when- Petrarch lived from 1304 - 1374 and during that time were the high points for humanists sig.- they discovered many important ancient manuscripts and letters and Petrarch wrote letters to Ciero, and this was important because Petrarch thought that the ancient heroes were perfect but he discovered they were imperfect just like him. Term Pope Julius II Definition who- Pope Julius II what- he was a Pope and son of Pope Alexander VI where- Papal State in Central Italy when- 1503 - 1513 sig.- continued trying to gain control of the Papal State. Term Great Schism Definition who- Pope Urban VI and the papacy what- when Pope Urban VI decided to move the papacy back to Rome from Avigon, France where- Rome when- 1378 - 1417 sig.- completely split the church according to political and territorial affiliation to France and Italy and lead to the start of the Concilliar Movement Term Babylonian Captivity of the Church Definition who- popes and the papacy what- when popes decided to move the papacy from Rome to Avigon, France where- Avigon, France when- 1305 - 1378 sig.- enemies of France, soon became enemies of the Pope Term Patron/ Client Relationship Definition who- upper class aristocrats and lower/middle class artists what- when upper class people would provide for lower class artists and the artists would paint or sculpt pieces of art for the upper class person where- Europe, especially Florence when- started with Cosimo de Medici and lasted for many centuries sig.- because of the patron/client relationship artists could afford what they needed so new artwork was created Term Paul of Tarsus Definition who- Paul of Tarsus what- a Jewish man who was first against the new Christian religion in the first century. But he then ha d a calling and started to help develop the religion. where- Roman Empire and Asia Minor when- d. ca 65 C.E. sig.- he helped develop the Christian religion and wrote letters to Christian communities about the Christian faith and these letters were the first documents written and these helped divide Christianity from Judaism. Term Forum Definition who- senators and imperial personnel what- Center of political and public life in the city of Rome and it was where the treasury, records office, the law house, and the Senate are located. It is where public business and legal trials were held, but mainly the Forum was to show off the power of the emperors. where- in the middle of the city Rome when- used in the reign of Augustus sig.- to organize and run the whole political business. W/o it the Roman Empire wouldn't have been able to be so powerful and emperors wouldn't be able to show off their power. Term Pax Romana Definition who- the Roman Empire what- the "Roman Peace", when the Roman Empire was at it's highest power where- the Roman Empire when- 27 BC - 192 AD sig.- The Pax Romana was significant because it was the foundation for one of the most powerful empires in European history, which later influenced government, laws, and religion. It also set up a succession system, which was used for many centuries even past the fall of the Roman Empire. Term Milvian Bridge Definition who- Constantine and Maximian what- a bridge located in Rome that ran across the Tiber River where- Rome, Tiber River when- 312 sig.- Maxmian and Constantine were in a battle at the Milvian bridge and Constantine conquered Maximian putting Constantine in complete contril of the Roman Empire. Also at the Milvian Bridge, Constantine had a vision after his win of the Christian God, which made him convert to the Christian religion which started spreading the Christian faith all through Rome. Term Monastic Movement Definition who- monks and nuns what- a period of religion where people focused on prayers, working, and ascemilition. where- Roman Empire when- 375 - 450 sig.- because of this movement, the Christian religion began to grow stronger and stronger Term Muhammad Definition who- Muhammad what- he was a man who made the Islamic faith that is still used today where- born in Mecca, later traveled to Medina when- 570 - 632 sig.- invented the Islamic faith and also his teachings are practiced world wide and known as the Pillars of Islam Term Umme Ayman Definition who- Umme Ayman what- a 16 year old Islamic girl living in modern day Pakistan where- modern day Pakistan when- told her story to a reporter in 2007 sig.- she was raped while her family was being threatened and hurt. She lives a very different life compared to American girls and she got to share her story and try and help American understand how hard it is to live in Pakistan as a young girl. Term Gregory the Great Definition who- Gregory the Great what- one of the greatest Popes in Italy where- Italy when- 590 - 604 sig.- he supported missionaries all over and he was helpful to all who needed it and helped with the Christian Church Term Treaty of Verdun Definition who- Charles the Bold, Luthaire, and Louis the Great what- a treaty that split Charlamagne's Empire into 3 equal parts where- East Francia, West Francia, and "Middle Kingdom"( Rome and up though the North Sea) when- 843 sig.- kept Charlamagne's Empire standing b/c it might have collapsed from the 3 grandsons fighting Term Ghenhis Khan Definition who- Ghenhis Khan what- a Mongol King where- Mongolian Empire when- 1206 - 1227 sig.- destroyed Great Wall of China, conquered Jin Empire in Northern Europe, and conquered Beijing Term Council of Nicea Definition who- Council of Nicea what- bishops of Nicea who were summoned by Emperor Constantinople in relationship about the divine members of the Holy Trinity where- Constantinople when- 325 sig.- created the Nicene Creed (Jesus is identical in the nature and essence to the Father) Term Huns Definition who- Huns what- a fierce nomadic tribe where- central Asia when- 4th and 5th centuries sig.- had many successful battles like defeating the Visigoths Term The Rus Definition who- Rus tribesmen what- fierce tribesmen where- attacked Constantinople when- 860 sig.- when they attacked Constantinople, people in Constantinople were told to repay their sins. The Rus retreated and this was looked at as a divine intervention. Term Avars Definition who- Avars what- nomadic tribe where- first appeared on the steppes north of the Black Sea when- 6th century sig.- they created an empire by forcing conquered people to serve in their armies Term Spanish Reconquest Definition who- Muslims in Spain and Christians what- battles caused by Christians (N. Spain) trying to capture Muslim-controlled cities (S. Spain) where- Spain when- 1085 - 1492 sig.- over a 400 year battle between Christians and Muslims that ended in a Christian win Term St. Francis of Assisi Definition who- St. Francis of Assisi what- he was the son of a merchant where- Italy when- 1182 - 1226 sig.- he supposedly got a direct command while praying to go and repair the crucifix's house. He repaired churches and chapels and raised money. He then continued to live a life of poverty. Term Agricultural Revolution Definition who- Europeans what- a period of time where people invented machines that helped bring agriculture and economics up. when- 11th and 12th centuries where- Europe sig.- in this period of time some of the most useful inventions were created such as the plow, 3-field system, wind power, and medal armor. Term Pope Innocent III Definition who- Pope Innocent III what- a Pope who was tough minded and up-ed the papal monarchy b/c of family connections in Italy and Germany and his training in theology and the cannon law where- Italy when- 1198 - 1216 sig.- was very focused on his job as Pope, this made people take religion even more seriosuly Term The Ideal Courtier Definition who- Baldassare Castiglone and courtiers what- people who helped the prince's household function by doing any kind of service: cleaning, wardrobe, ect. Badassare wrote the Book of the Courtiers which stated that courtiers should have nonchalance and ease. where- Europe when- during the Italian Renaissance sig.- they helped keep prince's kingdoms in order Term Ghiberti Definition who- Ghiberti what- Italian Renaissance painter and sculptor where- Florence when- 1378 - 1455 sig.- his idea for the doors in the Baptistry in Florence won over Brunelleschi's, he also created other many wonderful pieces of artwork throughout his lifetime Term Battle of Crecy Definition who- English and French knights what- a battle between France and England, England won, but King Philip escaped leaving 3,000 of his men behind, 1,500 of them soldiers where- Crecy when- 1346 sig.- one of the many battles between France and England that killed thousands of Frenchmen. It was also one of the battles in the 100 years war. Term Augustus Definition who- Augustus what- the first emperor of Rome where- Rome when- 27 bc - 14 ce sig.- he created the Roman Empire, which lasted for over one thousand years, during his reign the Pax Romana was in the Roman Empire Term Tacitus Definition who- Tacitus what- an author where- Rome when- was most important from the years 50 - 95 C.E. sig.- wrote the Burning of Rome, Dinner With Atilla the Hun, and a biography on Agricola the General Term Diocletian Definition who- Diocletian what- an Emperor who after ruling alone for 2 years decided to make a tetrarchy where- Rome when- 284 - 305 sig.- he made the tetrarchy rule in Rome in order to try and protect the Emperors b/c many emperors had been getting assented Term Justinian Definition who- Justinian what- emperor of Rome where- Rome when- 527 - 565 sig.- was very religious and created Justinian's Code, which was when he made all his lawyers sort through all the laws that had been made over the past centuries and decide which ones were important and still used today and to keep those but not use the others Term Vikings Definition who- barbarian tribe, also called NOrsemen what- silver-hungry tribe where- from steppes and "the North", entered Western half of Roman Empire when- 350 - 1100 sig.- were converted to Latin Christianity when they entered Western half of Roman Empire Term Crusades Definition who- Latin Christians what- Latin Christians launched 4 crusades in order to try and get control of Jerusalem where- Jerusalem when- 1095 - 1261 sig.- almost 200 years of fighting over Jerusalem