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who- the roman empire and citizens
what- during the time that the roman empire was at its height and had the most power, also known as the roman peace
where- the roman empire
when- 31 BCE- 235 CE
sig.- it was the foundation for the roman empire and set a basis for what to follow in the future |
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who- senators and imperial personnel
what- center of politicl and public life in the city of rome and it was where the treasury, records office, law house, and the Senate was located. it was where pulic business and legal trials were held but mainly to show off the power of the emperors
where- in the middle of the city of rome
when- used since the reign of Augustus
sig.- was to organize and run the whole political business. without the forum, rome would not have any order and the roman empire might not have been so powerful because the they would have no political system. also the emperor wouldn't be able to showcase his power as sufficiently and then he wouldn't have so much control as he did with the forum |
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who- Paul of Tarsus
what- a christian that traveled across the Roman Empire and through the Asian Minor. he was the creator of several christian communities throughout the empire. the imperial court finally executed him for being "troublesome" in a polytheistic world
where- all around the Roman Empire and the Asian Minor
when- d. ca. 65 CE
sig.- he was one of the main reasons that christianity became so popular and practiced. he brought Christ's message to many communities and cities. without Paul christianity would cease to be the world's most worshiped religions today and the world could have still been polytheistic |
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who- Egyptians started, then monks in western Europe
what- the idea started in Egypt when Egyptians started building monasteries then idea traveled into western Europe where monasteries began to built there as well.
where- in egypt then to western europe
when- 4th and 5th century
sig.- it was a huge factor of preserving classical documents and classical teachings and without these all evidence of ancient history and the renaissance and other knowledge wouldn't be the same without it |
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who- Tacitus
what- a historian and rhetorician that wrote the "Dialogue of Orators" he disapproved of the autocracy and he believed that they were responsible for killing the oratory and in his biography of his father-in-law he praises Augustus's imperial system and how it controled the autocracy
where- rome and the roman empire
when- 56- 118 CE
sig.- he provided a variety of successful pieces of literature and gave the people a new view of the autocracy and Augustus's imperial rule |
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who- Maximian and Constantine
what- Maximian and troops tried to invade Rome but Constantine stopped him at the Milvian Bridge. Constantine was fighting under God's prayers and Constantine won
where- at the Milvian Bridge
when- 312
sig.- Since Constantine had a revelation and believed it was from God he attributed his victory to God and became the first Christian emperor ever. This is also sig. because it started a big emergence for christianity and the religion kept growing and becoming more powerful. |
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who- bishops summoned by Constantine
what- the purpose was to reach a decision about the relationship among the divine memebers of the Holy Trinity and the Nicene Creed was the result of the meeting. The Nicene Creed states that God the Son (Jesus Christ) is identical in nature and essence of God...
where- Nicaea near Constantinople
when- 325
sig.- this council was sig. because the Nicene Creed was made and that clearly states that Jesus is divine and natural and that settled a lot of arguements about the divintity or not of Jesus |
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who- the huns, attila
what- a ruthless barbarian tribe that roamed the Hungarian plains and conquered a big portion of the European continent. The Huns were herders that grazed their horses and animals on the land they conquered. Attila the Huns king was the leader of all these attacks.
where- the Hungarian plains
when- early 5th century through the mid 5th century
sig.- they showed the Europeans that they weren't invincible and they occupied a huge portion of land and were a ginormous threat to the Roman Empire, because they constintly invaded the empire. |
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who- a prophet
what- he recieved a message from Allah telling him to send his message to all Arabs and he wrote them down in the holy book of Islam (Qur'an). He and followers moved to Medina from Mecca and built a mosque. He and his followers there worshiped Allah and studied the Qur'an and Muhammad's teachings.
where- in Mecca and Medina
when- 570-632
sig.- creator of the muslim religion and wrote the Qur'an and without him Islam might cease to exist and muslims wouldn't have ever made their way into the world as a major religion |
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who- a barbarian tribe of merchants
what- they were allowed 50 tribe members in Constantinople at once to trade and collect Constantinople goods to take back to their tribe. in 860 they launched an attack on Constantinople and when they retreated it left the city believing that the reson for this retreat was the doing of God
where- in Constantinople and across the river in their tribe
when- 9th century
sig.- they were sig. because they were one of the only tribes who had been able to penetrate the city walls and have a semi-successful attack. They also left the city in even more belief of God because of his good doing and making the Rus retreat. they were a good source of trade to the city |
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who- missionaries
what- they created the Slavic alphabet and translated the Greek liturgy of the church into the Slavic language
where- in Bulgaria
when- Cyril (826- 869) Methodius (815- 885)
sig.- they provided the Bulgarian church with liturgy from the Greek language which further spread the growth of the Christian religion because it was now legible in another language |
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who- Leo III
what- the detruction of icons worshiped in the church. Leo III tried to destroy religious icons but this backfired because it was too popular being worshiped that the people revolted in some places
where- Leo III tried enforcing iconoclasm all over the Byzantine Empire
when- the early to mid 8th century
sig.- this was sig. because it showed that the church had more authority than rulers because Leo III lost against the church in the battle for iconoclasm |
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who- Macedonian dynasty
what- when aristocratic families and monasteries/ churches donated a lot of money to making Constantinople a better city including things like trade and wealth
where- in the Byzantine Empire
when- 867-1056
sig.- Constantinople beame even more powerful because it gained more wealth and a bigger trading system and many buildings, mosaics, and icons emerged in the city |
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who- tribes
what- tribes that threatened the Byzantine Empire and had conquered a lot of land surrounding Byzantine
where- near Italy and close to the Byzantine Empire
when- in the 8th century
sig.- they were a huge threat to the Byzantine Empire and they had a system that forced all their conquered people join their armies making them even more powerful |
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who- the Franks and the Muslims
what- a campaign to stop the Muslims from spreading any further especially into the Franks.
where- Spain
when- 8th century
sig.- the sig. was that the Christians were willing to fight for what they believed in and that Muslims weren't indestructable which was made clear at the battle of Toledo where the Christians won |
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who- Umme Ayman, a woman of the Islamic faith
what- she protested by holding a library captive. she is an example of someone that believes that what she is taught is the truth instead of reality. she also believes that Allah is for Muslims only
where- living on the Arabian Penninsula
when- still living
sig.- she exemplifies an extremist of Islam that is willing to risk her life for what she believes in |
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who- lords and vassals, Germanic tribes
what- a system in which lords were the rulers of the tribe and they ruled over the dependants, vassals. Lords supplied food, and protection and vassals give their service in their lord's army however it was needed. Vassals had oppurtunity to become knights through military service
where- started in Germanic tribes then spread to recently collapsed Carolingian Renaissance
when- 10th to the 13th century
sig.- a system that was used and successful in which both the lords and the vassals benefitted |
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who- ruler of the Carolingian Empire
what- based his empire conquering land and ruling from his "saddle" and he didn't have a centralized government. he was crowned pope and was a hug factor in the Carolingian Renaissance where old Roman traditions were brought back into use
where- empire located in what is now France and some other bordering land
when- late 8th century to the 9th century
sig.- he not only added to the already massive Carolingian Empire but he brught back a lot of the old Roman traditions |
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who- under the rule of Charlemagne
what- a time where a lot of old Roman traditions came back into use and became very successful. Some examples of those were laws, education system, architecture, literature, and art
where- Carolingian Empire
when- late 8th century into the 9th century
sig.- it gave the Carolingian Empire a fresh outlook on things and it was a revival and rebirth of the Roman traditions that became extremely successful |
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who- Gregory the Great, Christian
what- he was a huge factor in the spread and foundation of Christianity and he didn't require military support from Constantinople. He created the foundation by converting many people and many lands to the Christian religion
where- traveled through what is now France and Anglo-Saxon territory
when- 6th and 7th century
sig.- he set the foundation of the Christian religion by converting many people to the religion |
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who- made b Charlemagne
what- treaty stating that the Carolingian Empire was to be divided between the sons of the lands' ruler. when Charlemagne died the empire was divided by his sons and then his sons' sons and so forth. Made so that there would be no conflict over the throne, but as time went on the empire was divided so many times that the empire became weaker and weaker
where- Carolingian Empire
when- made in 843
sig.- the treaty led to the collapse of the Carolingian Empire so that there ws nothing left |
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who- Germanic tribes, clans/ kin groups
what- the worth of one man's life in case he or she was killed by someone. The killer would owe that family what ever the victim's wergild was. Wergild was based on a person's social status and "usefulness" to the community. If wergild was not paid then the victim's family would feel obligated to gain revenge on the killer
where- in Germanic tribes
when- 8th century
sig.- it was sig. because it one of the first forms of punishment for a murder and payment to the family at loss. A model for later justice systems |
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who-
what- a time where there many technological inventions and that bettered the life and success of farms in their productivity and saved labor for the farmer. some inventions were power from wind and water, a new horse collar was made, and the heavy plow
where- Europe
when- 11th century
sig.- enhanced the productivity of a farm and made the life of the farmer way easier than it had been before |
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who- Ghengis Khan, leader of the Mongols
what- the supreme leader of the Mongols, he broke through the wall of China, destroyed the Jin empire in northern China, and occupied Beijing. Eventually led the Mongols to have conquered lands all the way from Korea to Hungary and from the Artic Sea to the Arabian Sea
where- in the Mongolian Empire
when- 1162- 1227
sig.- he was sig. because he led the Mongols to be one of the most powerful empires of the time period and he was the ruler of a massive span of land |
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who- Pope Urban VI
what- the time period when Pope Urban VI moved from Avignon, France to Rome which divided the papacy in two since one half was in France and one was in Italy. The Church was completely divided between French followers and followers of Italy. toward the end of the schism there were actually 4 popes
where- in Rome, Italy
when- 1378- 1417
sig.- the significance of the Great Schism is that it showed the insecurity of the Church and its ability to be broken up and also it led to the Conciliar Movement. |
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who- Europeans were the victims
what- was a disease that was likely spread through rats and fleas and by the shipping systems. The Black Death symptoms were swellings in the groin and armpits as well as internal bleeding, coughing, and sneezing
where- first appeared in Sienna, Italy then spread all through Europe
when- 1348 was when it was first noticed
sig.- it killed more than 20 million people and some cities in Europe never fully recovered from the devastating blow |
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who- Pope Urban VI and Pope Leo XI
what- when there were 2 popes all living in France. the Babylonian Captivity ended when Pope Urban VI traveled to Rome, Italy to break up the 2 popes
where- in France
when- 1305- 1378
sig.- it ws sig. because people that were enemies of France became enemies with the Church because they didn't like that the Church was moved. Also it might have hinted at the fact that the Church didn't have enough power and authority to make it so there was only one pope because having 2 popes started a big controversy |
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who- German Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII
what- when the emperor should be allowed to appoint church offices, the most famous case was between Henry IV and Gregory VII in which Gregory excommunicated Henry and Henry had to beg for frogiveness. The Controversy ended with the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
where- Rome, Italy
when- 11th century
sig.- it ended investitures and it showed the power of the pope and his ability to excommunicate an emperor |
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who- Dante Alghieri
what- an Italian poet that wrote the Divine Comedy. He was very well educated including when he studied Greek and Latin literature
where- Florence, Itlay
when- 1265- 1321
sig.- he was sig. because he imagined one of the most fantastic pilgrimages ever attempted; a journey through Hell, Purgatory, Paradise |
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who- France and England
what- battle in which 3000 of France's men were lost and King John quickly left his men behind
where- at Crecy
when- 1346
sig.- it was one of the many battles in the 100 year's war and it was another victory for England, and showing Englands victorious streak |
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who- king of England
what- he made all of England's land a fief and he was lord of all lords and he transformed England's hierarchy
where- England
when- 1066-1087
sig.- he was sig. because he was lord of all lords meaning he was really powerful and he had good control over his people |
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who- King John
what- forced to sign the greater charter, document, that stated that he had to accept the feudal privelages of towns, the clergy and nobility
where- England
when- 1215
sig.- made Kings have to accept the law instead of being ble to do what ever they wanted and not getting punished |
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who- people in universities throughout Europe
what- a broad theological movement that dominated the medieval thought and university trading
where- universities in europe
when- 14th to 15th century
sig.- it helped universities have a better understanding of philosophy and theology throughout Europe |
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who- St. Francis of Assisi, son of a merchant banker
what- he was against the Christian faith until he had a revelation to start rebuilding and fixing Christian crucifixes homes and Churches and Chapels
where- Italy
when- 1182-1226
sig.- he devoted his life to Christianity which meant he gave up his wealth to be poor and do whatever he could to help people and the poor |
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who- Pope Innocent III
what- tough-minded who up-ed the monarchy, he was a really good pope because he had family connections in Germany and Italy and he studied theology and understood the cannon law
where- Italy
when- 1198- 1216
sig.- he devoted his life to better the monarchy and he was really commited to his job and because he launched the 4th Crusade |
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who- a courtier
what- they were to service a prince or noble that was to visit the prince's palace and take care of the prince's family's wardrobe, etc. The ideal courtier was like an occupation, people grew up wanting to be a courtier. The Book of the Courtier described the behavior of an ideal courtier.
where- Italy
when- the Italian Renaissance
sig.- they helped keep the kingdom organized and they made the life of the prince a little easier |
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who- pope
what- son of Pope Alexander VI and he continued to gain control of the papal state
where- Italy
when- 1503-1513
sig.- he tried to further enhance his power and authority through the power he gained from the papal state |
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| Patron/ Client Relationship |
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Definition
who- the patrons and the clients
what-the patrons would hire clients an then the patrons would comission that artist, an example is Cosimo d' Medicia and Brunelleschi
where- started in Italy in the city-states
when- 1300's- 1600's
sig.- was a huge economical boost, it brought wealth along with more people. Italy became the center of the Italian Renaissance because of wealth and talent produced from patronage |
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who- Filipio Brunelleschi
what- an architect that designed the dome of Brunelleschi in Florence and also the Pazzi Chapel. He was a client of Cosimo
where- Florence, Italy
when- 1400's
sig.- he not only provided Florence with power and prestige but the Medicis who became the ruling family of Florence |
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who- Lorenzo Ghiberti
what- sculptor and artist, and e designed the panels for the northern doors of the Baptistery Church, his design beat Brunelleschi
where- Florence, Italy
when- 1400's
sig.- Ghiberti contributed greatly to the advance of the Renaissance culture and to the many artworks of Florence |
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who- Ferdinand Aragon & Isabella Castile
what- marriage joined the 2 kingdoms and then defeated remaining Muslims in Spain. Christianity took over and Jews left in the area had to convert or leave. The Spanish kingdoms wer united under them into one country and Isabella funded Columbus's voyage
where- Spain
when- 1400's
sig.- they joined Spain into one country and converted the whole country to Christianity. They were a big factor in how Spain became such powerful monarchy |
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who- Francesco Petrarca/ Petrarch
what- he discovered that not all late antiquity was true and so he dedicated his life to filtering out what out of late antiquity was true and what was not. His ancient hero, Cicero, whom he believed to be a great sage turned out to be a lying gossiper. He took a philology approach to his work. His approach started a group of followers called humanists that followed in his methods
where- Italy
when- 1304-1374
sig.- he unmasked a lot of lies that had been covered up to make the person or event more appealing. Petrarch edited a lot of classicl texts to find the truth in them and without Petrarch we might be living among many lies still today |
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who- Copernicus & Galileo, astronomers
what- Copernicus decided that the sun was actually the center of the universe instead of an earlier theory that Earth was the center of the universe. Galileo invented the telescope which enhanced a person's ability to see space more clearly
where- Copernicus- Poland, Galileo- Italy
when- Copernicus (1473- 1543), Galileo (1564- 1642)
sig.- They made many advances to astronomy and abled people to make more discoveries since Galileo had made the telescope and the Earthe was no longer the center of the universe |
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