Term
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Definition
| attribute or feature that indicated relatedness |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram that shows the evolutionary history of taxa |
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Term
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Definition
| new character that has arisen in a species since it diverged from a common ancestor |
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Term
| What is a monophyletic group? |
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Definition
| a single ancestral species and all of its descendants |
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Term
| What are some "general characteristics" of protozoans? |
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Definition
-Eukaryotic
-Unicellular
-marine, fresh water, terrestial
-cilia flagella or pseudopodia |
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Term
| What is the difference between cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia? |
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Definition
Cilia- small hairs surrounding the sell
flagella- propellor like tail
pseudopodia- long arms that stretch out and help the organism "crawl" |
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Term
| What are some of the ways that protozoans obtain nutrients? What is a cytoplasm |
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Definition
-autotrophic- self feeding
-heterotrophic
-osmotrophs: dissolves material through osmosis.
-endocytosis/phagocytosis
- cytoplasm: mouth like structure
-cytopyge: ass like structure |
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Term
| Freshwater protozoans are hypotonic. What does this mean? How does it deal wiht it? What about marine protozoans? |
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Definition
- the osmotic pressure forces water inside the cell. the cell deals with this using contractile vacuoles to rid itself of excess water.
-marine protozoans are isotonic: there equal water concentration inside and outside the cell. resulting in no osmotic pressure. |
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Term
| in a very general sense, how do protozoans reproduce? |
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Definition
Asexually: binary fission, multiple fission, budding,
- sexually (monoeceous)
-alternate |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Phylum Euglenozoa? |
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Definition
- freshwater
-1 or 2 flagella
- pellicule: outer covering
-it orients to light source: autotrophic
-mainly phytoflagellates |
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Term
| What are some general Characteristics of the Class Trypanosomatidea? What human disease do they cause? What is the other host? |
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Definition
- zooflaggellates
-found in the blood cycle
-one or two flagella
-completely heterotrophic
-causes african sleeping sickness
-other host:fly |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Phyulum Ciliophora? |
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Definition
- marine and freshwater habitats
-cilia (used for locomotion and creates feeding currents)
-distinct cytosome (mouth)
-larger than normal protozoa
-reproduce asexually using binary fission or sexually using conjugation |
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Term
| What are the two types of nuclei in Ciliophora? What does each do? |
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Definition
- Micronucleus: reproductive function (synthesizes DNA)
-macronucleus: control general cell operations |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Phylum Dinozoa? |
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Definition
- aquatic habitats
-phytoflagellates
-two flagella: equitorial (spin) longitudinal (move)
-some are heterotrophic |
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Term
| What are Zooxanthellae? What are red tideS? |
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Definition
- parasite with mutualistic relationship to coral reefs
-when zooxanthellae produce a toxic substance that accumulates in suspension feeders in the coral making the water surrounding them appear red. |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics Phylum Apicomplexa? What disease does it cause? What taxa causes Coccidiosis? |
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Definition
- primarily marine
-all endoparasitic
-injects spores
-apical complex:a spiked structure at the front of the specimen
-no cillia or flagella
-causes malaria
-Isopora and Eimeria cause coccidiosis: a disease of poultry, sheep, cattle and rabbits
- Toxoplasma cause toxoplasmosis |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Amoebas? What does it mean to say that an amoeba is naked? |
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Definition
-mostly aquatic habitats
-some are pathogens of humans
-no flagellated life stage
-naked (lacks the outer shell called teste) or shelled (has a Teste)
-heterotrophic: pinocytosis, phagocytosis |
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Term
| Which Amoebas are pathogens of humans? |
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Definition
-Entamoeba coli: gastro intestinal distress
E. Histolytica: causes amoebic dysentery |
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Term
| What are some of the benefits of multicellularity? |
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Definition
- allows for bigger body size
-movement of material, defense, food availablity
-more complex structure |
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Term
| What is Phylum Coanoflagellata? |
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Definition
- stocked sessile cells
-may form colonies
- identical in appearance to chaonocytes |
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Term
| What is Phylum Proterospongia? |
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Definition
-simialar to sponges
-chaonocytes
-mesophyl
-amoeboid cells |
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Term
| What are some general characteristic of Poriferans? |
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Definition
-primarily marine, asymmetrical or radial symmetry.
- they are organized around a series of canals/chambers
-some "tissue level" organization |
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Term
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Definition
| an excretory structure in the sponge openings to the outside where water exits |
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Term
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Definition
| a central cavity of the sponge exits to the outside through the osculum |
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Term
| What are the major differences between asconoids, synconoids, leuconoids? |
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Definition
- leuconoids dont have a spongocoel
-synconoids have radial canals (loopy) |
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Term
| What is the basic structure of the three cell types in sponges? |
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Definition
pinacocytes:
-outer layer
-specialized to increase water flow.
-provide structure and rigidity
Mesophyl:
-jelly like layer
-archaeocytes
-different cells do different functions withing the mesophyl
choanocytes:
-flagellated cells that drie water
-traps food particles |
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Term
| Why are currents so important to sponges? |
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Definition
-helps with mobility
-helps filter water
-food
-carries away wastes
-gases |
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Term
| How do sponges reproduce? What does monoecious mean? |
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Definition
reproduce both sexually and asexually
-asexually using buds and gemmules
Monoecious- produce both an egg and a sperm at different times.
-some rlease free flowing larvae (gemmules) |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Cnidarians? |
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Definition
-mostly marine
-radial or biradial symmetry: sessile, exposed to the environment from all sides
-diploblastic: 2 body layers
-cnidocytes: specialized stinging cells
-gastrovascular cavity: cavity with a single opening
-nerve net (communication system) |
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Term
| Cnidarians have a dimorphic body plan. What does this mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the characteristics of a medusae and a polyp? |
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Definition
- medusae: sexual and motile, dioecious (both male and female)
-polyps: asexual and sessile |
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Term
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Definition
-mostly carnivores
-uses tentacles and nematocysts to capture prey
-gastrovascular cavity helps with digestion
-initial extracellular digestion
-completed intracellularly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cnidarians have a nerve net. What is this and why is it important? |
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Definition
nerve cells
-base of epidermis
-base of gastroepidermis
interconnect to form a nerve net
respond to local stimuli
*no brain! nerves stationed around the organism connect to stiumuli a response) |
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Term
| What are some General Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria- Class Hydrozoa? |
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Definition
-mostly marine
-most exhibit alternate generations
-hydrozoa have polyps and medusa |
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Term
| General characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria- Class Scyphozoa |
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Definition
-(true jellyfish)
-all marine
-medusa only
-some harmful to humans |
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Term
| General characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria- Class Cubozoa |
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Definition
-medusssa is cubodial
-tentacles hang from corners
- (box jellyfish and sea wasps) |
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Term
| General characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria- Class Anthozoa |
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Definition
-only polyp stages
-colonial or solitary
-symbiotic relationships- zooxanthellae
-comes in a variety of shape, form, color, and size
-(sea anenomies and coral) |
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Term
| What are the general Characteristics of Ctenophorans? |
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Definition
-all marine
-biradial symmetry
-diploblastic (or possible triploblastic)
-gastrovascular cavity
-nerve net |
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Term
| What are comb rows and colloblasts? |
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Definition
-colloblasts: adhesive cell is used to capture prey
-comb rows: eight rows along organism create a rippling effect with cilia to help move organism and create feeding currents |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of flatworms? |
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Definition
-bilateral symmetry: head region, sephalization (more development of the central nervous system), increase movement
-dorsoventrally flattened
-bilateral symmetry
-incomplete gut (or not gut)- a gut with only one opening (everything comes in and out the same hole)
-triploblastic, acoelomate |
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Term
| From and evolutionary perspective, what traits do we observe for the first time in platyhelminthes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ecological rule do platyelminthes play? |
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Definition
| -parasitic: endo and exotoparastites, invertebrate and vertebrate hosts |
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Term
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Definition
the external covering of an organism
-ciliated or non ciliated
-some make mucus to assist in movement and provide protection
-dual gland adhesive organ: allows organism to adhere to surfaces |
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Term
| How do platyelminthes obtain nutrition? Briefly describe their digestive system. |
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Definition
-pharynx: help move food into the intestine
-incomplete gut: extracellular and intracellular digestion
-mouth --> pharynx --> intestines (digestion)
-can be simple or branched
-branched: increases surface area and helps directly move materials to different parts of the body |
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Term
| What are the protonephridia? |
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Definition
| -protonephridia: helps rid water through ciliated movements -kidney like structure |
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Term
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Definition
| organ of secretion in flatworms |
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Term
| How does the nervous system vary in platyhelminthes? What is an ocelli? |
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Definition
-simple nerve net to centralized nerve net
-Ocelli: light sensitive "eye spots" that help detect shadows.
-stratocysts: mechanical receptors that help with equilibrium |
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Term
| How do platyhelminthes reproduce? What is direct development? |
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Definition
-Asexual via transverse fission (splits in two at the head and becomes two separate organisms)
-Sexually: monoecious (both male and female sex organs in the same individual)
-Direct development: the young look like the old except smaller. |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Class Turbellaria? How do they move? Where do they live? |
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Definition
- Freshwater, marine, few terrestrial
- Predators, scavengers, and herbivores.
- move through, cilia, muccus, muscular undulations |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Class Trematoda? What is a digenetic fluke? |
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Definition
- Endo parasites
- Oral sucker and acetabulum
- Digenetic Fluke: live internally and require multiple hosts during their lifetime. |
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Term
| What is Schistosoma sp and why is it important? |
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Definition
| -parasite that causes intestinal disease |
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Term
| What is Cercarial Dermatitis? What are its hosts? |
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Definition
-causes swimmers itch
-cercaria larvae of birds
-trematode
-parasite to humans |
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Term
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Definition
| -A free-swimming larval stage in which a parasitic fluke passes from an intermediate host (typically a snail) to another intermediate host or to the final vertebrate host |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of class Monogenea? What is a monogenetic fluke? What is an ectoparasite? |
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Definition
- Monogenetic Flukes: only one host per life time
-ectoparasites: parasite that resides on the outside of a host (the gills on a fish)
-Opisthaptor: faciliate attachment |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Class Cestoidea? Describe their digestive system. |
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Definition
-Digenetic:2 hosts
-tapeworms
-endoparasites (vertebrates)
-lack their own digestive system.
-produces a ton of eggs
-no mouth or digestive system
-microtrites- little projections that amplify surface area
- proglotidds- each sigment in a tapeworm contains a complete sexually mature reproductive system |
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Term
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Definition
| -Each segment in the strobila of a tapeworm, containing a complete sexually mature reproductive system |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Phylum Nemertea? |
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Definition
- dorsoventrally flattened
- longest invertebrates
- mostly belthic marine
- triploblastic (acoelomate)
- bilateral symmetry
-protonephridia |
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Term
| What were two major evolutionary evolutions that we first saw in Nermertea? |
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Definition
-complete one way difestice tract
-closed circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| an extended tubular sucking organ |
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Term
| What is the difference between taxonomy and systematics? |
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Definition
taxonomy: the science of identifying and naming species and arranging them into a classification
taxonomy: involves nomenclature, and the evolutionary relationships of organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species |
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Term
| What did Whittaker use to classify kingdoms? What has allowed scientists to reanalyze or reassess the Kingdoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an endosymbiont? How was this used in a hypothesis to explain the development of a prokaryotic to eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
endosymbiont: any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.
theory: certain organelles originated as free-living bacteria that were taken inside another cell as endosymbionts. |
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Term
| Protozoans are not true animals- why? if they are not animals, why do we talk about them in this class? |
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Definition
- because they are unicellular.
- they do not have at least 2 levels of tissue level organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| - a broad thick pseudopodia with a core of endoplasm |
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Term
| In a very theoretical sense, what shape would you expect the largest protozoans to be? |
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Definition
| - long and flat with extending pseudopodia to increase surface to volume ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| form the other skeleton of the sponge, provide rigidity |
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Term
| What is alternate generations? |
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Definition
| -fertilization happens outside the cell and has its own life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized stinging cells |
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Term
| What is the difference between an intermediate and definitive host? |
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Definition
definitive host: a host in which the parasite reaches maturity and if possible reproduces sexually
intermediate host: harbors the parasite for a short transition period during which some development occurs |
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Term
| What are some general characteristics of Phylum Rotifera: Rotifers |
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Definition
-small
-freshwater, marine
-triploblasti, bilateral, pseducoelomate
-complete digestive system
-protonephridia: rids water through ciliated movements |
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Term
| what is the body plan of phylum Rotifera? |
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Definition
-Lorica
-Head
-corona: ciliated surface of rotifer that helps catch food
-mastax: the "teeth"
-trophi: the "jaws"
-trunk- complete digestive system
-foot with pedal glands: produce an adhesice substance to attach the animal to the substrate |
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Term
| How do phylum Rotifera Reproduce? |
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Definition
Dioecious: having male and female reproductive systems on separate individuals in the same species.
Good Environment: Parthenogenesis: reproduction without fertilization. (females produce like females)
Bad Environment: male produces resting eggs: they withstand extreme environmental conditions. |
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Term
| What are Rotifers role int he Environment? |
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Definition
-important role in freshwater ecosystems
-can be dormant zooplankton, especially in flowing rivers. |
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Term
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Definition
-retractable tentacles with sticky colloblasts
-tentacles bring food to the mouth |
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