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Definition
an external covering or enveloping layer; for example skin
The protective outer covering of the bod that includes skin, hair, setae, scales, feathers and horns
Tough and pliable
Provides mechanical protection from:
•abrasion and puncture
•water loss or gain
•bacterial invasion
•ultraviolet light
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a protective, noncellular, organic layer secreted by the external epithelium (hypodermis) of many invertebrates; epidermis or outer skin in vertebrates
*Arthropds:Since arthropod cuticle is so tough, molting must occur to allow for growth. After old cuticle is shed, new cuticle is thickened and calcified
epicuticle and procuticle
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| thin, outer stratified epithelial layer of integument that gives rise to integumentary derivatives such as hair, feathers, claws, and hooves |
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| inner, thicker layer of integument composed of dense connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves, pigment cells, and fat cells and supports, cushions, and nourishes the epidermis |
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| two types of rigid skeletons |
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| endoskeleton and exoskeleton |
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| type of protective outer rigid skeleton that is typical of molluscs, arthropods, and other invertebrates that have shells which is used for movement, may be rigid or jointed and moveable, and usually does not grow, but musty be periodically molted |
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shedding of the outer cuticular layer as in insects and crustaceans
*Arthropods: Since arthropod cuticle is so tough, molting must occur to allow for growth. |
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a scleroprotein found in epidermal tissues and modified into hard structures such as horns, hair, nails, and reptilian scales |
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adjective for conversion of epithelial cells into nonliving, keratinized cells
example: formation of nails
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| integumentary colors from the physical structure of the organism’s surface that are produced by light reflected by the integument surface |
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| biochromes; light reflecting molecules, common in animals that produce more common and more subdued integumentary colors (earth-colored shades) |
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| large cells with branching and containing pigments which are found in crustaceans and ectothermic vertebrates |
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| How are chromatophores in cephalopods different? |
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small sac-like cell filled with pigment and surrounded by muscle cells, which can stretch the cell
When muscles relax, cell shrinks and allows rapid color change
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| hydrostatic skeletons and rigid skeletons |
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type of skeleton which provides firm elements, usually jointed, to which muscles can attach and anchor points required by opposing muscles; two types: exoskeleton and endoskeleton
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| muscles can only ___ - must have opposing muscle to lengthen |
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| In amniotic vertebrates, what makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets? |
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type of internal bony skeleton found in echinoderms, some cnidarians, and vertebrates which can be bony or cartilaginous (or both) and functions as protection and support
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basic form of cartilage made of chondrocytes or cartilage cells
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| living tissue with reserves of calcium salts that is highly vascular and capable of rapid healing, unlike cartilage, and is nearly as strong as cast iron, yet one-third as heavy |
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endochodral (replacement) bone
intrammembranous bone
spongy (cancellous) bone
compact (lamellar) bone |
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the accumulation of calcium salts in a body tissue
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| extremely narrow tubular passages or channels |
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lamellar bone
denser bones formed from spongy bones through further deposition of bone matrix arranged in concentric rings |
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| part of the axial skeleton that is a framework of bone or cartilage enclosing a vertebrate's brain |
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| part of the axial skeleton that consists of any of the bones or segments composing the spinal column |
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| any bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate that includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs |
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| the portion of the vertebrate skeleton made up of the bones or cartilage that support the appendages which are bones of the limbs, along with pectoral and pelvic girdles |
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| curved bones of the axial skeleton which are joined to the backbone and stiffen the body wall and protect organs (lungs and heart) |
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minute, hair-like, motile processes that extend from surfaces of many animal cells and are used for locomotion
they occur in all animal groups but arthropods |
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| whiplike processes that occur in flagellated protozoans, animal spermatozoa, and sponges which, like cilia, are used for locomotion, but which are longer than cilia |
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muscle fibers/myofibrils
tissue used in muscles that is able to voluntarily or involuntarily contract
generally work only by contraction and cannot actively lengthen |
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| muscle fibers (contractile tissue) generally work only by ____ and cannot actively lengthen |
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| the endless balancing and rebalancing of physiological processes to maintain stability and restore normal state when disturbed |
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| cellular homeostasis is maintained by |
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| coordinated activities of most body systems |
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| negative feedback regulation |
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process activated by any deviation from a given set point, which constant internal environment for all cells revolve around, to return the system to the set point
example: in endothermic temperature regulation constant body temp is maintained by a delicate balance b/w heat production and heat loss |
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osmoconformers
animals that cannot regulate osmotic pressure of their body fluids
in marine animals, blood salinity will change with water salinity |
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"narrow salt"
adjective to describe organisms that live within a narrow salinity range |
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"broad salt"
adjective to describe animals that can tolerate wide variations of salinity ranges |
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refers to a solution that contains a lesser concentration of dissolved particles (solutes) than that of another solution with which it is compared (or compared to an organism or cell within it
when a fish is hypotonic to its environment, it has less salt in its body that the water |
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refers to a solution that contains a higher concentration of dissolved particles (solutes) than that of another solution with which it is compared (or compared to an organism or cell within it)
when a fish is hypertonic to its environment, it has more salt in its body than the water |
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| pertaining to solutions having the same or equal osmotic pressure; isoosmotic; ex. fish and surrounding water have same osmotic pressure |
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| organisms that maintain body fluids in higher solute concentration than surrounding water |
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| organisms that maintain body fluids in lower solute concentration than surrounding water |
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water that is formed in cells via oxidation (cellular respiration)
*in desert rodents, metabolic water constitutes most of the animal's water uptake |
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| used in unicellular organisms like paramecium to expel excess water gained by osmosis |
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most common type of invertebrate excretory structure which are simple tubular structures that form urine
like a simple kidney; similar to, but more advanced than flame cells
protonephridia in flatworms and metanephridia in more advanced worms and molluscs |
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| paired ___ ___ of crustaceans located in the ventral part of the head is an elaboration of the basic nephridium |
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excretory gland of Crustacea located on ventral side of the head in the antennal metamere which is an eleboration of the basic nephridium
(like a kidney) |
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| blind tubules opening into the hindgut of nearly all insects and some myripods and arachnids functioning primarily as excretory organs |
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| the vertebrate kidney is the principle organ that regulates volume and (solute) composition of internal fluids which functions in the removal of metabolic wastes and osmoregulation |
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| nephrons form urine in 3 steps: |
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glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion |
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each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine
closely associated with blood circulation as blood from the aorta enters each kidney through a renal artery |
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| in the kidney, it is the initial blood filtering component of a nephron |
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| a capsule-shaped membranous structure surrounding the glomerulus of each nephron in the mammalian kidneys that extracts wastes, excess salts, and water from the blood |
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a tuft of capillaries projecting into the renal corpuscle in a kidney; filtration done by which moves into the Bowman's capsule and moves waste from glomerulus to Bowman;s capsule using blood pressure in kidney
? |
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Definition
| each of the long, fine, convoluted tubules conveying urine from the glomerulus to the renal pelvis in the vertebrate kidney - waters and salts are reabsorbed into the body along their length |
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| proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| the convoluted portion of the vertebrate nephron that is situated between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle which performs tubular reabsorption |
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Definition
part of a kidney tubule that forms a long loop in the medulla of the kidney, from which water and salts are reabsorbed into the blood
preforms tubular reabsorption of NaCl |
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| portion of the kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system which performs tubular secretion |
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| in kidneys, participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion |
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| the broadened top part of the ureter into which the kidney tubules drain |
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duct carrying urine from metanephric kidney to bladder or cloaca
in excretion urine is formed and travels to the ureter, and eventually to the bladder |
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| a hollow muscular organ that collects urine from kidneys before disposal by urination |
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organism body temperature is determined solely by the environment and depends on outside sources for heat; "cold blooded"
can regulate temperature through behavioral adjustments and metabolic adjustments (temperature compensation) |
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| organism is able to generate enough heat (produced by the animal's metabolism) to elevate its own temperature to a high and stable level |
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| organism's body temperature fluctuates with environmental temperature |
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| organism maintains a constant body temperature regardless of environmental temperature |
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| nonshivering thermogenesis |
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| increased oxidation of food - burning fat stores in order to produce body heat |
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| fluid within body cells that provides suitable environment for proper cell functioning |
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| fluids outside of cells; buffers cells from chemical/physical changes |
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| situated in the interstices or spaces between structures such as cells, organs, or grains of sand |
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| plasma, interstitial and intracellular fluids are mostly ____ |
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| in animlals with closed circulatory systems, extracellular fluid is divided into: |
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blood plasma
and
interstitial fluid |
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albumins
globulins
fibrinogen |
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| 90% water, plasma proteins, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, enzymes, antibodies, mormones, metabolic wastes, dissolves gases (primarily CO2, O2, and N2) |
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erythrocytes
cellular componenets that contain hemoglobin, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and occur in enormous numbers in the blood
in mammals and birds - derived from red bone marrow |
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