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| Mathew Perry arrives off entrance to Edo Bay w/ four black painted ships. He bears message from US requesting trade and diplomatic relations. Japaneseattempt to prohibit the US, but perry replied by threatening bombardment of the city. |
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| Treat of Kanagawa, opens three ports to American ships and guaranteed safety of american sailors shipwrecked on Jap. shores. End sakoku policy and marks decline of Shogunal rule. |
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| Treaty of Shimonoseki,China withdrawals all rights and influence in Korea and gets control of Taiwan, pescadore islands and Liaodong Peninsula. |
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| Boxer rebellion, uprising of Chinese rebels and government troops against westerners. |
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| Russo-Japanese war, Japaense torpedo boats attack port Arthur three hours before declaration of war was recieved. Japanese later defeatt he overconfident Russians and place Port Arthur under seige. |
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| Siege of Port Arthur, featrues first modern use of machine guns, rapid- fire artillery, barbed wire, tactical radios. Japanese 3rd army vs 50,000 man Garrison army. |
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| Russian baltic fleet departs on long voyage to pacific. Nervous russian ships fire on british fishing vessels in "dogger bank" incident which almost provoked a war. Russians have lack of supply/repair, poor training, personal quarrels and declining morale. |
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| Battle of Mukden, largest land battle of war(276k Russ vs. 270k Jap), Japanese launch enveloping attacks. Blocked by russians, but lose heart after seeing jap. 3rd Army. Russians escape destruction but lose 90000 men. |
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| Battle of Tsushima, Russian 2nd and 3rd pacific squadrons vs japense combined fleet. Japanese fleet "crosses the T" and subject russians to accurate and deadly fire, sinking four battle ships. russians lose all but 6 ships, Jap losses four torpedo boats. |
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| Treat of Porsmouth, by Us president roosevelt. russians withdraw from Manchuria and Japan gains port arthur, southern sakhalin island and access to manchurian resources. |
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Definition
| turkish fleet is destroyed by Russian warships firing explosive shells at battle of Sinope |
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Definition
| French develop squadron of "armored floating batteries" to defeat Russian forts during Crimean War. |
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| The Virginia attacks the Union naval squadron blockading James River, destroying two wooden warships. |
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| Virginia engages the Monitor in day- long battle. Results inconclusive, but shows superiority of armored warships is proven and the age of sail ends. |
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| Armed Americans supported by marines and sailors from USS Boston depose Queen and establish “Republic of Hawaii” Immediately apply for annexation to US |
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| Battle of Manila Bay, American Asiatic Squadron, Commodore George Dewey, enters Manila Bay and engages Spanish ships there. Spanish lose 7 ships, US only 8 sailors wounded. Dewey returns exiled leader emilio Aguinaldo. |
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Definition
| Agunaldo declares Philippines independent. Treat of Paris cedes islands to US. |
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Definition
| Violence breaks out between Filipinos and American troops. Eventually over 100,000 troops committed to fighting. |
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Definition
| Eugene Ely flies aircraft off cruiser Birmingham and birth of naval aviation. |
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| Eugene Ely Landed plan on stern of USS Pennsylvania. Later died in air crash in macon, Georgia. |
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| Japan declares war on the central powers and lay seige on German port. Swept up German holdings in Caroline, marianas and marshall islands. |
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| Twenty one deamands issued to China by Japanese Prime Minister Shigenobu. List includes recognitino of Japanese claims to Tsigntao, control of railways in north china and Manchuria and mineral rights. |
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Definition
| Battle of Jutland, fought in North Sea between British Grand Fleet and German High Seas Fleet. largest battle of WW1 and naval history to date. |
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| Billy Mitchell demonstrates feasibility of air power by sinking surrendered German battleship. The ship was anchored and unarmed. He was later court marshaled. |
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Definition
| Emperor Hirohito takes thrown after death of father. Becomes expert in marine biology. Takes throne in time of financial instability and political unrest by military. |
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| The manchurian incident, Japanese officers blos up portion of manchurian railway to create the beginning to complete japanese occupation of manchuria. |
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| May 15 incident, a group of eleven naval officers assasinate the Prime minister. The home of Lord Seal and political party headquarters and banks were also attacked. Unsuccessful, but mark end of civilian rule in Japan. |
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Definition
| almost 1500 soldiers of Imperial Guards rise up and attempt coup against government. Demand removal of ministers and military leaders and establishment of direct imperial rule. |
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Definition
| Japanese soldier reported missing after exchange of gunfire between chinese and Japanese soldiers stationed at either side of Marco Polo bridge. Commander demand crossbridge and conduct search. Japanese troops assault chinese positions. |
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Definition
| Panay Incident, USS Panay patroling a river and attacked american and chinese civilians on three escort tankers. Despite identification all ships were sunk. Japanese later showed much regret. |
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| Rape of nanjing, mass murders and rapes committed by Jap troops on Chinese prisoners and civilians. Includes mass shootings, beheadings, gang rapes and torture. |
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Definition
| Battle of Khalkhyn-Gol, ON their own, Jap army cross border on their own. Russians form 1 special corps to repel invaders. Russians attack and Soviet armor clearly superior to japanese tanks. |
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Definition
| Attack on pearl harbor, 183 aircraft strike at targets on pearl harbor. |
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| Commodor of the US Navy who compelled the opening of Japan with the treaty of Kanagawa. First visited in 1852-1853. Presented a letter from President Filmore. Told them to open ports or else. Returned in 1854 where the Japanese agreed to all terms. |
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Definition
| Japanese wanted to preserve their culture so they practice isolation, forbidding foreigners, known as sakoku. Marked the decline of the shogun rule. |
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Definition
| 1854. Opened three ports to American ships. Guaranteed the safety of Americans sailors shipwrecked. Didn’t provide for ambassadors but it didn’t prohibit them either. Ended sakoku and marked the decline of Shogunal rule. Other countries signed similar treaties. |
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Definition
| 1868-Civil war between the ruling Shogunate and those wanting to return power to the imperial court. Sparked by the opening of Japan in 1854. Wanted to take power away from the court and return it to the emperor. |
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Definition
| Built in France 1864 for confederate army. Sold to the Japanese by the US in 1869. First iron clad warship of the Japanese navy. Participates in the Boshin war against Tokugawa supporters and fights in the battle of Hakodate Bay. Retired in 1889. |
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Definition
| Last shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan. Stepped down in 1867 officially giving governing power back to the emperor. Resigned his office. |
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Definition
| Japan reestablished as a constitutional monarchy, emperor given unlimited control. Privy council of ministers set up to advise the emperor, but in charge of everything. 2 chamber legislature, voting rights to land owning men. Policy of Fukoku Kyohei (). Military heads only answer to the emperor. 1868. |
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Definition
| 1877.-Led by Saigo Takamori. 40k samurai rebel against the gov’t, not the emperor. He believed the emperor was being wrongly advised. Attempts to march on Tokyo but is uncessessful. Loses supply base and is eventually elinated after 8 months. |
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Definition
| Born 1828. Originally supported the emperor in the overthrow of the Tokogawa. Opposed modernization and western ways. Advocated invasion of Korea and the continued employment of samurai. Led the Satsuma rebellion. Supposedly commits seppuku. Posthumously pardoned, gains popular acclaim as the “Last Samurai.” |
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Definition
| Japanese term describing family. Controlled industrial and financial conglomerates in 19th-20th century Japan. Able to build monopolies due to gov’t subsidies. Supported by gov’t to counter foreign intrusion on the Japanese economy. Exert great influence over policy making. |
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Definition
| 1894. Amid escalating tensions, a British merchant ship carrying Chinese troops to Korea is attacked and sunk by the Japanese cruiser Naniwa. 900 Chinese soldiers are killed. Marks the beginning of the Sino-Japanese war. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1894 Between Japan Army/Navy and Beiyang Army/navy. Smaller better led Japanese army rout Chinese army in Korea and pushes them up the peninsula. Beats the larger Chinese navy. Captures Port Arthur and invades Taiwan. Led by Togo. |
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Definition
| 1895. China withdraws all rights and influence in Korea. Gives up control of Taiwan, Pescadore islands, and the Liadong Peninsula. Forced to pay 200 million of silver. Japanese give up Liadong peninsula to Russians for more silver. Self-strengthening movement ends. Anti-western tensions escalate due to interference. Japan intensifies modernization efforts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located north of Korea in China. A Strategic choke point and the location of Port Arthur. Gained control by Japanese post Sino-Japanese war. To prevent Japanese from having control of any part of China it was purchased by the Russians. |
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Definition
| 1900. Popular uprising and rebellion of Chinese rebels and gov’t troops against the westerners. Initially anti-Qing it turned into being anti-foreign and anti-Christian. Empress Dowager able to convince they were not the enemy, foreigners were. Largest troop contingents offered by the Japanese to repress the rebellion. Massive casualties. Forced to sign Protocol giving west greater access. Forced to pay massive indemnity, China. |
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Definition
| 1902.Motivated by Russian expansion and Imperial German navy. Brit interests in China and Jap interest in Korea recognized. Parties pledge to support each other in the event of a multi-national war. Brits continue construction of Japanese warships. |
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Definition
| Developed by Russia as its base for its Pacific fleet. Located on the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria. Control of the harbor was vital during the Russo-Japanese war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located at Port Arthur. 7 battleships and 5 cruisers. Considered primary threat to the Japanese. |
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Definition
| Seizure in Nov 1904 by Japanese places Russian warships in range of Japanese siege guns. Russian morale plummets. High casualties. |
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Definition
| Commander of the Japanese 3rd Army. Led the attack to siege Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War. Both sons died during the war. Also led his army during the battle of Mukden. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1905. Largest land battle in history prior to WWI. Japanese launch enveloping attacks. Blocked by Russians. Japs forced to use human wave attacks when flanking fails. Russians suffered low morale and leadership rivalries. Russians escape destruction. Devastating losses on both sides, ends up being a stalemate. |
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Definition
| Fleet Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy. One of their greatest navy heroes. Studied in Britain. Saw combat in the Tokagawa incident, Sino-Japanese war, and the Russo-Japanese war. Engaged the Russian navy at the battle of Port Arthur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre-dreadnought battleship of the IJN. Launched in Britain in 1900. Served as the flagship of Admiral Heiachiro during the Russo-Japanese war. |
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Definition
| 1905. Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Fleet versus the Japanese combined fleet. Jap fleet “crosses the T” and subject Russians to accurate and deadly fire. Lose 4 battleships. Japs follow up with torpedo attacks. Russians lose all but 6 ships. Shatters the myth of supreme European power over Asia. |
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Definition
| 1905.Mediated by T. Roosevelt. Russia withdraws from Manchuria and gain Port Arthurs. Japs lose claim for indemnity, Japanese public outraged and leads to a collapse of gov’t. Triggers a revolution in Russia. Japan becomes “Great Power” nation in Asia. |
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Definition
| Lecturer of naval tactics at Naval War college. 1890s wrote Influence of Sea Power in History. Makes the correlation between sea power and international power. Influential advocate for naval modernization and expansion. |
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Definition
“Pearl Harbor”
Name for white people given by Hawaiians. |
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Definition
| 1888.Rights to vote extended to American, European, Hawaiian property owners. Problematic because Hawaiians didn’t own much land and Asians were excluded. King loses veto power and power goes to Royal council, dominated by Americans. Property ownership clause gave most rights to the haoles. 2 chamber legislature established. |
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Definition
| Became Queen January 1891. She vowed to restore Hawaii to native rule and abolish the bayonet constitution. Married to the former governor of O’ahu and Maui. American for the “annexation club”. Queen was deposed on January 16, 1893 and established the Republic of Hawaii. She was placed under house arrest and died in 1917. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of Americans that join together and make arrangements with ambassador Jon Stevens and apply for annexation to the US. They were a 13 member group from the Hawaiian league and were also members of the Missionary party. Formed in 1886. Part of the same group in 1887 that forced the King to sign the Bayonet constitution. |
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Definition
| the 5th protected cruiser launched in December 1884. Joined the Asiatic squadron in 1896 to protect American interests. One of the Navy’s first steel ships. Took part in the Battle of Manila bay and the capture of Manila during the Spanish-American War in 1898. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1893 Blount Report deems that the over throw of the Hawaiian gov’t was illegal. Recommends to Cleveland administration to restore the Hawaiian monarchy. Cleveland tables the annexation treaty. Queen is placed under house arrest. |
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Definition
| 1898 American Asiatic Squad (6 warships) commanded by George Dewey, engage Spanish ships there. Spanish lost 7 ships. Americans suffer from 8 wounded soldiers. Dewey returns exiled Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo to power. |
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Definition
| A general, politician and independence leader. Played a role during the Philippine revolution against Spain and the Philippine-American war. He was the Philippines first President. President from 1897-1901. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1899 An armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the US to gain independence after annexation to the US. Escalated in the Battle of manila where the Republic declared war on the US. Officially ended on July 4, 1902. |
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Definition
| A response to the perceived threat of Japan on American interests in China. 1900 policy that allowed European nations and the US to trade with China openly. Sec. of State Hays wanted all nations to declare they would hold up their integrity in China and not interfere with the free use of trade ports there. |
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Term
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Definition
| 26th President of the US. Used the slogan “speak softly and carry a big stick.” Sent out the Great White Fleet 1907-1909 to show US power. Negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese war and earned a Nobel Peace Prize. Issued the Roosevelt corollary in 1904. Intervenes in the “morocco Crisis” in 1906. Elevates the US to a great world power. |
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Definition
| Sent in 1907 around the world. 16 battle ships plus escorts. Logged 43k miles and made 20 port calls. Made obsolete by the HMS Dreadnought. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1907. Informal accord between the US and Japan. In response to anti-Japanese discrimination and segregation in the US. Japan agrees to stop issuing passports to the US and Roosevelt agrees to end discrimination. Cali continued and it fueled the bleak image of the US to Japan. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1906. World’s first “all big gun” ship. First capitol ship powered by turbines. Protected by up to 11 in of armor. Credited with rendering all worlds’ battleships obsolete. Never fired her guns in anger. |
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Term
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Definition
| US first “dreadnought” type battleship. Launched in 1908. Commissioned in 1910. All guns were on the center-line. Older engines, topped out at 18 knots. Limited war service. Scrapped in 1923. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irish-born engineer. Immigrated to the US in 1873. Originally designed vessels for use by the Brits. 1897: developed first completely submersible vessel the Holland. 1900: US orders six Holland-class boats for Navy. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1879-1911. Employed by a plane maker Glenn Curtiss to demonstrate aircraft for the Navy. 14 Nov, 1910: Flew aircraft off the cruiser Birmingham. 18 Jan 1911: landed plane on the stern of USS Pennsylvania. 19 Oct. 1911: dies in a car crash in Macon, GA. |
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Term
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Definition
| 23 Aug 1914 Japan declares war on the central powers. IJN Congo participates in the siege of the German port of Tsingtao in China. |
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Term
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Definition
| Built in Britain. Commissioned in 1913. Most powerful battle cruiser. |
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Definition
| 1915. List of demands sent to China by Japanese PM Okuma Shigenobu Jan 18th. Wanted claims to Tsingtao, control of railways in north China and Manchuria, and mineral rights. Protested by the US and Europe. Chinese would also not be allowed to make certain agreements without Japanese approval and place Chinese police under Japanese control. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1916. Fought in the N. Sea between British and German naval forces. Largest naval battle in WWI and history. Brits lose 14 ships and Germans lose 11. Considered classic Mahanian style-but indecisive. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1919. Japan given control of Shandong Peninsula as well as Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana islands. Japanese offer the racial equity proposal. Japanese receive land, but not resources and prestige. Fuels tensions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Offered by Japanese delegates during the Versailles peace conference in 1919. Guaranteed “equal and just treatment” to all regardless of race and ethnicity. Accepted internationally but rejected by the US. Japanese delegation walks out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plan that called for the construction of 8 battleships and 8 battle cruisers every 8 years. Proposed in 1907 but rejected because of budged increase. Amid reports of the US building 20 battleships, Japan passes it. Britain couldn’t keep up and called for the international naval conference. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1918 Initially sent to support “white” Russian forces. Army commanders raise troop levels to 70k and take more active control. Zaibatsu take and establish offices in Siberia. Continues presence increase international pressure and splits gov’t between civilians and Army. Last troops withdraw in 1922 |
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Term
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Definition
| Colonel and air power advocate. Predicted surface navy would be obsolete. 17 July 1921 sank German battleship to prove the potential for air power amid critics. Later court marshaled. |
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Term
| Washington Naval Conference |
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Definition
| 1921with delegates from 15 nations. Held in the US. Soviet Union excluded. Major decisions made by US, Brit, Japan. Japan and Italy territory concessions rejected along with British attempt to ban submarines. |
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Term
USS Lexington –
IJMS Akagi – |
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Definition
1927. 1st fleet carrier. 37k ton displacement, 33 knots, 91 aircraft.
1927. 37k displacement, 31.5 knots, 66 aircraft. |
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Term
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Definition
| US plan for war with Japan adopted in 1924. Presumed to be triggered by Japanese invasion of the PI. US to defend west coast and Panama canal until sufficient forces launch offensive. Decisive battle between battleships in waters between Guam and the PI. IN accordance with Mahanian doctrine but underestimates for role of aircraft. |
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Term
| The Fubuki class destroyers |
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Definition
| was a class of twenty four destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Fubuki class has been called "the world's first modern destroyer." The Fubuki class not only set a new standard for Japanese vessels, but for destroyers around the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1928. Treaty signed between US and France which prohibited the use of war unless in self defense. Signed by 15 and then 65 nations. US signs but on the provision hey define “self defense”. Failed treaty but it paves the way for the criteria regarding “crimes against peace/humanity.” |
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Term
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Definition
| 1929. Naval exercise between battle fleet and scouting force. USS Lexington detaches from battle fleet and conducts a “surprise” attacks on the Panama canal. Results surprise naval officers and increase feasibility of naval aviation. Shows carriers had offensive capabilities of their own. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1930. Continuation of the 1922 Washington Conference. Attended by the big 5 (US, Fr., Br., It, Jp.)Extended holiday on capitol ship construction. Defined heavy and light cruisers and put a limit on tonnage. Changed warship ratio from “5-5-3” to “10-10-7”. Japs only have a 70% margin. Required subs to operate within international guidelines of surface raiders, which was impractical. Last instance of Japanese cooperation. |
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Term
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Definition
| “Imperial Way.” Junior level Army and Navy officers that advocated the adoption of totalitarian, militaristic, and expansionist policies. Very conservative, disliked civilian politicians and supported military authority. “in the emperors name” even if it disobeyed him. Opposed by the Tosei-Ha faction. Kodo-Ha wanted emphasis on spiritual Bushido ethics. 1931: Kodo-Ha founder Araki Sadao appointed war minister. |
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Term
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Definition
| “the lowly oppresses the mighty.” Term dating from the 15th century. Justifying rebellion for principle. You can do anything as long as you are right. Used by Kodo-Ha members to intimidate and eliminate opposition leaders and critics. |
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Term
| Manchurian Railway Incident – |
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Definition
| 1931. Kodo-Ha members blow up portion of the railway to create pretext for complete Japanese occupation of Manchuria. Action previously discussed in Tokyo but never approved. Commander of the Army quickly overrun Chinese garrisons, take complete control of province. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1932. Puppet state established with former emperor Henry Pu-Yi as head of state. League of nations refuses to recognize the state and calls for Japan to return to the status quo. 1933: Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1936. 1483 soldiers of the Imperial Guard Division attempt coup against the gov’t. Demands the removal of moderate ministers and military leaders and establishment of direct imperial rule. Attack home of the PM, kill the finance minister, inspector general, and Lord Privy Seal. Coup falls when emperor threatens to personally lead troops against them. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1937 Japanese soldier reported missing after an exchange of gunfire between Jap and Chinese troops stationed on either side of the Marco Polo Bridge. Jap commanders demand to cross bridge to conduct search. Japanese troop assault Chinese positions, on their own, and both sides call for reinforcements. July 25, Japanese troops invade China and assault Beijing. Regarded as the beginning of WWI. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1937. Chiang Kai-Shek commits 600k German trained troops against Japanese positions in around Shanghai. Japs outnumbered but have heavy weapons/artillery along with air and naval support. Attack ends reluctance in Tokyo and renews efforts in China. Battle wrecks core of Chinese army. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1937. USS Panay escorting 3 tankers carrying American and Chinese civilians when attacked. All ships were sunk by the Japanese. Immediate displays of sympathy and regret from Japan who offers to pay indemnity. Later found the attack was deliberate, used to encourage westerners out of China. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1937. Mass murders and rapes committed by Japanese troops on Chinese prisoners and civilians in wake of the fall of Nanjing. 40-300k casualties. Reasons behind the massacre are unclear. Horrifies the world community but League of Nations unable to halt aggression. US begins to secretly and China. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1937. Includes Yorktown, Enterprise, and Hornet. 20k tons displacement 8 5in guns, anti aircraft weapons, 90 aircraft. Joined fleet in 1937, 39, 41. Part of an economic stimulus program. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1939. under their own direction units of Kuantung army cross the Russian-Manchukuo border. Russians form special corps to repel the invaders led by Gen. Zhukov. 20 Aug Russian troops launch coordinated offensive against Japanese troops. Japs lose between 17-45k. Forced to withdraw from Russian soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adopted by Yamamoto family in 1916. Lost 2 fingers in the battle of Tsushima. Attends Harvard 1919-1921. Avid poker player. Opposed Jap expansion and military control. Admired US Critical of Mahanian dependence on battleships. 30 Aug 1939 appointed to command combined fleet. |
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Term
| Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere |
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Definition
| Term created by Japanese gov’t to sell their policy of expansionism to other Asian countries. “Asia for Asians”. Create a bloc of nations free from western colonialism and exploitation. Japan envisioned as giving guidance and leadership to other nations. Japanese brutality disproves theory, but influences post war movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1940.Brit torpedo bombers attack the main Italian fleet base at Taranto. Bombers used were old aircraft. Using low level attacks and attacking at night, they sunk one battleship and damaged 2 others as well as two cruisers. Japanese take note of the incident. |
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Term
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Definition
| the Flying Tigers. Mercenary group of US pilots sent to aid the Chinese in 1941. Group commander Claire Chennault advocated for fighter aircraft. He maneuvered special tactics for the pilots.they shot down 4 bombers. Disbanded in June 1942. Post war: founded the hell’s angels. |
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Term
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Definition
| US receives the Japanese code. Doesn’t know what it means. Dec 2, 1941 |
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