Term
| is polarity more negative distally or proximally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when initially injured, is the injury more positive or negative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the injury become negative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the goal of wound healing treatment |
|
Definition
| reverse injury potential and change it from positive to negative - back to normal |
|
|
Term
| what polarity is used in the inflammatory stage and why |
|
Definition
| positive, to pull in negatively charged macrophages and neutrophils for phagocytosis/autolysis |
|
|
Term
| what kind of current is used to apply positive current to inflammatory stage |
|
Definition
| monophasic current so that you have an absolute positive and an absolute negative |
|
|
Term
| what is one problem with using positive electrode to draw negatively charged neutrophisl and macrophages into inflamed area |
|
Definition
| one study shows that there are positively charged neutrophils that are more active in healing; also a potential to increase swelling |
|
|
Term
| when do you know you're in the proliferative/fibroblastic stage |
|
Definition
| swelling, heat, redness, acute pain begins to drop off |
|
|
Term
| what is the goal of the fibroblastic stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what polarity is used in the fibroblastic tage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using monophasic current to draw cells into the area. |
|
|
Term
| what does the negative charge pull into the fibroblastic area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what polarity is used in the remodeling stage |
|
Definition
| do a few treatments with positive, then do a few treatments with negative. |
|
|
Term
| goal for remodeling stage |
|
Definition
| contract wound so that edges of wound can grow skin and can begin to re-epithelialize |
|
|
Term
| what cells are brought in with positive polarity in remodeling |
|
Definition
| epidermal (negatively charged) |
|
|
Term
| what cells are brought in with negative polarity in remodeling |
|
Definition
| myofibroblasts (positively charged) |
|
|
Term
| what are other effects of using negative polarity in wound healing |
|
Definition
| improves connective tissue strength; decreases swelling; bactericidal |
|
|
Term
| how does position of cathode affect polarit |
|
Definition
| the more distal the cathode,the more negative it becomes |
|
|
Term
| how many wound healing treatments per day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many minutes of wound healing treatments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of charges (pos/neg) produce activity in osteoblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the semi-invasive system for osteogenesis |
|
Definition
| electrodes are implanted into the fracture site, but the rest of the equipment is external |
|
|
Term
| what is the invasive system of osteogeneisis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the portable EMF used for with osteogenesis |
|
Definition
| home use that requires long times with the device on |
|
|
Term
| what is the pulsed electromagnetic field generator used for with osteogenesis |
|
Definition
| home use that requires long times with the device on; non-thermal |
|
|
Term
| how do these inductive osteogenesis systems (portable and pulsed electromagnetic field generators) work? |
|
Definition
| put the chamber around the broken bone. Enough current to trigger osteoblasts to lay down bone |
|
|
Term
| how long do osteogenesis systems need to be applied to reach solid union |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are contraindications for osteogenesis devices |
|
Definition
| gap at break is wider than 1/2 the shaft diameter; presence of synovial pseudo-arthrosis (body thinks this area is a joint) |
|
|
Term
| is interferential current better at osteogenesis than other currents? |
|
Definition
| there is some indication that it works better by generating a deeper current because it's medium frequency , but high voltages and short pulse durations also get past skin well, so none is really better than another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when can e-stim be used/not be used in osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
| don't use estim in active stages, only in quiescent stages; however, there have been repors that it cuases improvements during active stages |
|
|
Term
| how to set up interferential current for bone healing |
|
Definition
| align along the shaft of the bone |
|
|
Term
| what is urge incontinence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is stress incontinence |
|
Definition
| sphincter weakness/damage |
|
|
Term
| what is hyporeflexive detrussor |
|
Definition
| underactive smooth muscle; person has to be catheterized to prevent infections |
|
|
Term
| treatment goal for urge incontinence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment goal for stress incontinence |
|
Definition
| increase muscular contraction |
|
|
Term
| describe direct stimulation intervention for urinary dysfunction |
|
Definition
| application of electrodes directly to area using ring electrodes, plugs |
|
|
Term
| is direct stimulation an effective intervention for urinary dysfunctions |
|
Definition
| yes, though not well received |
|
|
Term
| describe indirect-inteferential interventions for urinary dysfunctions |
|
Definition
| electrode application off the area to be activated. |
|
|
Term
| type of muscle contraction desired when using indirect interferential to treat stress incontinence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| duration/frequency of treatment for indirect interferential for stress incontinence |
|
Definition
| 30 min, 3-5x/week, for 4 weeks |
|
|
Term
| do you use a higher frequency when treating stress or urge incontinence |
|
Definition
| higher frequency for stress incontinence to increase strength |
|
|
Term
| can you use electrical stimulation to treat DVTs |
|
Definition
| no, use it to prevent DVTs |
|
|
Term
| how to use electrical stimulation to prevent DVTs in surgery |
|
Definition
| contract calf muscle every 5s to prevent stasis |
|
|
Term
| how can estim help with orthostatic hypotension |
|
Definition
| apply estim as you start to raise them up so they can be raised faster |
|
|
Term
| can you use electrical stimulation to treat thrombolisms |
|
Definition
| no, don't want them to become embolisms |
|
|
Term
| how can estim help with occlusive arterial disease |
|
Definition
| arteries have smooth muscle that contract and relax. Can use this to improve blood flow into an area |
|
|
Term
| what types of disorders are raynauds syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and vokmans ischemic contracture? |
|
Definition
| autonomic neurovascular disorders |
|
|
Term
| what is the goal for estim with autonomic neurovascular disorders and peripheral circulation autonomic disroders |
|
Definition
| open up vessels to normal blood supply, reduce spasm/constriction, block sympathetic discharge that closes down the lumen |
|
|
Term
| what type of stimulation to use to treat peripheral circulation autoomic problems |
|
Definition
| sensory/afferent or motor excitation |
|
|
Term
| what is the desired outcome for sensory/afferent treatment of autonomic peripheral circulation problems |
|
Definition
| relaxation of smooth muscle; increased local temperature |
|
|
Term
| what is the desired outcome for motor excitation treatment of autonomic peripheral circulation problems |
|
Definition
| muscle pump increases local blood flow, contractions increase local metabolites, creates vasodilation, release of endogenous opiates |
|
|
Term
| what is the most useful current type for iontophoresis and why |
|
Definition
| DC: the longer it's on, the greaer the effec |
|
|
Term
| what is the polarity of dexamethasone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the protocol timeframe for ionto |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should be the highest current used and why |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why shouldn't you do U/S, cold pack, hot pack after ionto |
|
Definition
| that would change the blood flow to the area and could wash the drug away into the bloodstream. Also, dexamethosone can break down connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| when to use iontophoresis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many treatments of dexamethosone? |
|
Definition
| 3-6, then wait for 2 weeks |
|
|
Term
| why is ionto better than injection |
|
Definition
| ionto doesn't cause systemic effects, doesn't cause ischemia, doesn't catabolize connective tissue, doesn't need sterile solutions, covers generalized area, no infection risk, not hard to get the right spot |
|
|
Term
| why was lidocatine originally used in ionto |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when should you use lidocaine with ionto today |
|
Definition
| for anesthetic effects for sensitive scar tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is inteference current's big selling point |
|
Definition
| it gets past skin impedance |
|
|
Term
| is interference current better than high voltage or high duration at getting past impedance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to make interferential current |
|
Definition
| have 2 different currents. Both are biphasic and sinusoidal. They operate at different frequencies (both are medium frequencies) |
|
|
Term
| what is the frequency of interferential current |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can the intensity of the 2 currents in interferential current be different |
|
Definition
| yes. That doesn't have anything to do with whether or not they're interferential |
|
|
Term
| if the 2 frequencies in interferential current are 4000Hz and 4002Hz, how many times per second witll they be exactly in phase and how many times per second will they be exactly out of phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you calculate the pulse rate of an interferential current |
|
Definition
| difference between the 2 frequencies |
|
|
Term
| describe vector display of interferential currrent |
|
Definition
| current shifts from one channel to the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 sinusoidal waves crossed I the body in which the 2 circuits are in phase all the time and are pulsed on and off |
|
|
Term
| describe partial field IFC |
|
Definition
| traditional interference current. 2 circuits, medium frequency, pass in and out of phase |
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