Term
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Definition
everyone is contributing to the war, even kids.
Posters have men and women working together!
Restrictions on civil liberties (war measures act, freedom of press restricted etc.) in the name of war |
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Term
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Definition
crowd mentality, "your buddies are fighting, why aren't you?"
Lord Kitchener poster raised 150,000 to 3M people
Free trip to see Grandma
Posters: sinking of Luisitania, rape of women and children
Homosexuality
British don't lie in their posters
Woman giving man white feather big insult |
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Term
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Definition
work in factory just as important as front lines
recruitment worked too well, not enough men back home
boys would go to work on farms
eat less bread, save for army
stop using so much coal |
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Term
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Definition
| People gave money to be killed |
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Term
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Definition
| convincing people that if they didn't go to war, then the outcome would be worse |
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Term
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Definition
killing of civilians
first home front, incorporating everyone! Revolution
Conflict of unlimited scope.
By kids and women "fighting" they are part of war and can be killed
Germans bomb British cities and ships now |
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Term
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Definition
Send cards to soldiers to remind why they're fighting
pornography, with kissing, sexual revolution in 20's
Role of women changed |
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Term
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Definition
allowed women to gain their rights
gained access to public, commercial and industrial sector
1916: British opened ranks to women for auxiliary forces (queen)
1918 right to vote in some nations
red cross recruiting women (morphine)
moved out to farms
volunteer army detachment
women give greater rank so they would not be harassed
made women dull looking in ranks
Women died in factories because of flowy clothes, many got poisoned too but nobody cared
women with power and rich husbands wanted right to vote
Women were jailed because they were violent
British government force fed them because they refused to eat till they got right to vote
woman killed herself in front of king to make her point
First world war saved Britain from civil war
Women decided to go with war effort, Emiline Pankerst
1914, women joined war, women were released
Meta Hari: first stripper
Ukraine had first women's battalion, Battalion of Death |
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Term
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Definition
| Red Cross Nurse that took 200 British and French soldiers back to allied lines. |
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Term
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Definition
Civilians being shot and murdered
Serbians killed by Austro-Hungarians, 600,000 Serbs killed
Woman were hanged by Austro-Hungarians |
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Term
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Definition
Turkey and Russia had most
1914-1918: 8M men became POW's
Treated fairly well, except Russia, 40% died and Turkey
Aliens in countries put in camps, fear of spying |
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Term
| Armenian Genocide by Turks |
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Definition
⅔ Armenians killed April 1915 - July 1916
1.2 Armenians from Anatolia killed
girls Crucified
piles of bodies
Turks deny this ever happening |
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Term
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Definition
German East Africa
German SW Africa
Botswana
German West Africa
German New Guinea
German Samoa
Mariana
Caroline
Marshall Islands
Tsingtao |
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Term
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Definition
Harsh in Namibia/West Africa. German Imperial Policy was eugenics and sometimes extermination
1904-1907, ¾ of local population massacred by Germany, concentration camps killed 45% inmates, forgotten genocide (110,000 dead). |
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Term
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Definition
| In charge of German colonies |
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Term
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Definition
1884-1899: German buys pacific colonies from Spain
August 1914: Japan asked by Britain to take care of German colony, Tsingtao in China. August 23 Japan declared war.
October: Japanese invade Pacific colonies w/o orders
Americans start to worry about expansion of Japan
Australians go quickly to grab Samoa and Papua New Guinea |
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Term
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Definition
| Japanese beat Russians in Russo-Japanese War |
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Term
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Definition
Everything is colony except Ethiopia, Black Christian Jews, Queen Sheeba.
Germany loses almost 3 colonies at start of War, not E. Africa because they were treated well. |
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Term
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Definition
August 1914: Germans attacked first, UK forced to send Indian troops. Indians no match for blacks.
East Africa undefeated by end of war
Scutztruppe treated well |
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Term
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Definition
| Honourable German soldier, unforeseen hero WWI. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attacked by Allies, ran aground, Vorbeck took artillery from ship! Then invades Mozambique. |
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Term
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Definition
Germans are first to declare war aims: to make others mad, scared, but could backfire
we all blame Kaiser but he did not make foreign policy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
age of artillery
hydraulic recoil mechanism
rifled artillery
high explosive shells (67% casualties to shells)
barrage (how can do precise if must reposition artillery)
armour piercing shells
mobile artillery |
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Term
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Definition
| box barrage (3 sides fire into middle), creeping barrage perfected, wire cutting fuse with contact sensor, FOO: forward observation officer (correct firing coordinates), indirect counter battery fire (well at Vimy), use of blind people, Paris gun, zigzag trenches, barbed wite, pillboxes. |
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Term
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Definition
bolt action rifles, rapid firepower, this is beginning
hand grenades and light guns
specialization of combat units
tunnelling, sappers, listening tool
no man's land #1 enemy
flares lit up night sky
bayonets
Lewis gun
Grenadier (bombardier), small squad tactics
storm troopers
sapper (demolition expert, usually miner, tunnelling) |
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Term
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Definition
Armoured cars, but bad tires, soon changed to hard rubber
Canadians invented first motorized machine gun
1st Canadian Motor Machine GUn Brigade |
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Term
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Definition
Armoured cars, not cross country
early, tractors with caterpillar tracts
1914:churchill suggested to use tanks, Feb 1915 idea rejected
Navy created landslips committee |
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Term
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Definition
The Somme: ⅓ tanks broke the line
4km/hr, crew of 8
Carbon monoxide, fuel, oil vapours
Inside Temp of 50 Celsius
goggles, chain mail masks, gas masks
Haig ordered 1,000 tanks after battle |
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Term
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Definition
1917, biggest failure ever SAINT CHAMMOND, SCHNEIDER just as bad. weight was in nose.
French first to invent rotating turret, Renaud FT17 |
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Term
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Definition
Bombing of women and children
Books about airships bombing coastal installations
French 1913 envisioned air warfare of Paris as Dirigibles fight airplanes |
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Term
| General Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin |
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Definition
| sees dirigible as weapon from beginning. |
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Term
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Definition
1912 German naval airship
3 B 747's. volunteer crew.
January 1915, kaiser allowed air raids. Goal to make terror.
May 31, 1915 first london raid, lots Brits got very angry.
Ypres was strategic as it was base for dirigibles. |
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Term
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Definition
June 1915: French raids on German cities led to German raids on London
Zeppelins at 13,000 feet untouched
reign of terror on british
200 dead per month, no real defence
Flight Sub Lieutenant Warneford was national hero. |
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Term
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Definition
Dec 1915: new weapons from ministry of munitions england
explosive and incendiary bullets (lights what it touches) used against dirigibles. Sept 1916: 12 Navy and 4 Army airships on London, first dirigible shot, boosted british morale.
March 1917 airships started to fly at 20,000 ft. Zeppelin then shot by Lieutenant Robinson. With French rockets on, dirigible shooting was soon easy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Raids continued until August 1918, unreliable as scout and bomber, 40% losses of air crews, made British had Germans, |
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Term
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Definition
Germans design plan specifically for bombing London
Fall 1916, designed to cross channel
Triple Payload of Zeppelins
Ceiling of 15,000 ft with 1,000lb load
May 1917: first mission to England
July: Sopwith, Camel = night raids
Sept: GIANT bombers, super fortress, none shot down.
Feb 1918: 1,000lb bomb
April: Royal Air Force created in UK |
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Term
| Expansion of Allied Air Forces |
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Definition
1917-1918
Canadian women worked in factories for British war effort, first to hire women
Royal flying corps canada ($40M)
3,125 pilots trained/1260 aircraft. Curtis Jenny training plane. |
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Term
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Definition
War ended just as we were about to bomb Berlin
Canadians best bombers
Colonel Mulock was best bomber
June 6, 1918: Berlin bombers
soon we too are bombing civilians |
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Term
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Definition
mostly cavalry guys
ex-soldiers who resented trench life
dary, dashing, young, nuts
used to identify heroes.
they have beds, behind enemy lines, much better than trenches.
Reality, harsh job, cold
life expectancy less than 3 weeks.
4 of top 12 are Canadians |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
British offensive attitude
Trench strafing became regular task
Jagdstaffeln(Jastas): German fighter units
Some British pilots come back with ammo and told to fire at trenches and then die.
Germans built first aerodynamic aircraft made of plywood, wood would protect from bullets.
Bloody April, 3:1 losses for British. |
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Term
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Definition
| highest scoring unit of WWI, 3 wings, slower but more maneuverable, answer to the albatross. |
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Term
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Definition
June 1917: Jagdgeschwader created
painted aircraft bright colours
travelling circus
moved all over the place
Air superiority till Fall 1917
large dogfights 60+ aircraft.
Red Baron, von richtofen, fought with 2 brothers |
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Term
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Definition
| Replaced red baron in flying circus |
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Term
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Definition
| fought against flying circus and made many kills |
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Term
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Definition
Enemy is coming to you
Fourth liberty bond
Democrat American President Woodrow Wilson |
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Term
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Definition
history prof, religious, idealist, smart, PhD thesis still used
Aug 4, 1914: declared USA neutral because Americans abandoned Europe
1914: Mexico invaded, 1915: Haiti invaded
1916: invade Mexico, dominican, Monroe Doctrine: right to piss off anyone in their country because their backyard
fought for fair wages
when elected, changes his mind |
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Term
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Definition
freedom of markets, Wilson can't penetrate British commonwealth markets because huge secure trading market
wants non-exploitive capitalism
True political democracy
Says military intervention is wrong
Doctrine: Liberal Internationalism (wants globalization)
tries to reform world politics |
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Term
| 6 points for going to war |
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Definition
1) Germans were sinking American ships with submarines: Luisitania, 1201 victims.
2) |
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Term
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Definition
August 4, 1914, Canada at War. Unanimous decision in parliament. August 5, CEP limit to 25,000 people
32,665 soldiers October 1914
⅔ born UK
training camp camp Valcartier
Winter 1914-15, trained in Salisbury Plain UK, rained 6 months
Canadians used British rifles when they could but could be "court marshalled"
Rat breeding ring
Vinerial disease hit Canadians hard
still gentlemen's war
Sharing tools at Paschendale
1915 first machine gun battalion
Lost of rich people participated |
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Term
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Definition
signed own promotion papers and became civilian to Brigadier in one day
distrusted professional soldiers
Hugh's put all wheels on one ship etc
drove soldiers nuts
fought in Boer war, thought he should have won victory cross
Oct 1914: 32 vessels and 7 warships, largest commitment to foreign war.
Hugh's insisted that CEP would fight together. UK agreed eventually
Hugh's didn't understand comradery or morale |
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Term
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Definition
April 22, Germans used 6k gas bottles
Chlorine asphyxiated all defenders and ate lungs out
created 6km gap, French buckled
April 24, Canadians gassed, but Canadian chemists had solution
Germans stopped by 1st Cdn Brigade |
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Term
| Automobile Machine Gun Brigade No. 1 |
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Definition
| Montreal Lawyer Sifton and Millionaire Brutinel |
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Term
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Definition
Sept 1915: New CO for 1st Canadian Div., Major-General Arthur Currie, school teacher and investor, really good because no formal training
Canadian leading Canadians |
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Term
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Definition
June 1916: 1st Canadian Corps led by Sir Julian Byng, loves canadians and is British. Canadians love hime. British believe Bayonets scare the enemy.
Byng's Boys |
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Term
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Definition
Sept 1916: land ship, 2nd division had deepest penetration
22nd (QC), 25th (NS), 26th (NB) = 1k POWs, 4 day battle w/o water, food
Courcelette=24,000 Canadian casualties |
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Term
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Definition
April 9, 1917: Vimy ridge is supposed to be diversion attack, in order to stop submarine Uboats
Allied strategy to end war asap because Britain could not sustain itself until 1919
British must support the French Nivelle Offensive with Battle of Arras
Vimy was problem because of how well fortified the Germans were |
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Term
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Definition
Elite shock troops, 4 division +1
tough, weather proof, insolent
Byng sent Currie to study warfare
Use of aerial photography to map
new wire cutting skills
40km approach rds, 32km railroad tracks
ammonal mines (200) 5 km prelaunch tunnels |
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Term
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Definition
Full-scale replica of the terrain
Maps, watches issued to all ranks
Rested and well-fed troops prior
Sound rangin and flash spotting, destroyed 83% of German guns
Pre-taped lines on advance paths
Gas, smoke and creeping barrage
170,000 Canadian, British troops
48 tanks and 450 aircraft scheduled to help out
2 week bombardment: 1 M shells
Easter Monday April 9, 1917 - 5:30 am, cold sleet rain and snow. Ridge is taken on first day, slept in the cold and snow, one man dying from hypothermia
April 10 1917: heavy snow, at 1pm, German third line broken, 13,000 German POWs
Haig wanted to use cavalry the whole war,
Rain, snowdrifts, 60mph, mud, only 4 tanks to help
No back up plan, no reserves! Yet largest single gain day
4 victoria cross, 3 killed, one from Calgary
3,598 dead + 7,004 wounded |
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Term
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Definition
| Nicknamed because a German wrote to a newspaper, we German soldiers are not afraid of french, british, australians, but when Canadians come they are like a storm |
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Term
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Definition
| May 1917: French mutinies, opposition to officers. 68 out of 110 divisions on strike for 8 weeks=chaos. Unions, negotiating. General Philippe Petain named head of French Army. 3,500 court martials, 554 death penalties = only 49 shot |
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Term
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Definition
August 1917: Hill 70 (Lens). Fortified hill, 21 German counter-attacks in 4 days. 9k Cdn casualties for 25k Germans
Passchendale (3rd Ypres): Haig wants to retry to take submarine bays in Belgium. Some 1,500. 2 divisions waited 4 days before help. 1.45 M shells on German positions in preperation. 15,654 casualties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Engels and Marx are the founders of communism: 1848 Communist Manifesto, political ideology. |
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Term
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Definition
Political and economic philosophy
Class struggle: common people riot
Destroy the upper classes by violence
Frees lower classes from tyranny of $$
Abolition of religion and morality (wtf) wanted to create system that was not based on bad or good
Classless, stateless, oppression-free society
International movement of workers (#1 brilliant aspect of this book), found a was to reach every nation, if you’re worker, you should be a communist
The rest is just a dream
1848, year of revolution, every European nation had an uprising
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, lawyer writer activist, menage a 3. Rise against the machine, kill the upper class, oh, but not me |
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Term
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Definition
Bright son of a government official
1887: brother hanged publicly after a failed attempt on Tsar Alexander III, brother was true communist and gave his life to overthrow monarch, brother died for cause
1891: graduated with a law degree
Acts like his beliefs
1893: joined Marxist group (St. Peter)
1897: exiled to Siberia, Europe, wrote 30books/20 years, named Lena River.
St. Petersburg, Petrograd, Leningrad, back to St. Petersburg
1903: creates russion communist party: Bolshevik Party = russian communists = hard liners
1905: back to Russian, out in 1907-1917. Lenin is always away during revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
DUMA is russian parliament (homemade, made in the woods?)
Not recognized as official government
Romanov, wants to be with wife and is happy with her, only tsar that never had a mistress, son is sick, they have illegal. Class name is Tsar Nicholas II |
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Term
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Definition
1914-16: humiliating military defeats
Government lost support of the Army
Sever winter, shortages and famine
15 million men taken out of the farms
Few trains used solely by the military
Starving cities, prices rose, inflation
Lenin in Switzerland = “not our war!”
Lenin since first day yells not out war, why would you die for the king, you should kill him.
Soldiers are demoralized in fields because of huge losses, soldiers go to peasants and tell them to rise up, lets all share power and own the land. |
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Term
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Definition
Petrograd: parliament had no power
Nobles controlled army and state
Orthodox church supported the Tsar
Secret police and press censorship
No possibilities of reforms in sight
Growing but dissatisfied middle class
Wants quiet revolution with little blood
Socialist revolution was only answer
First revolution done by the Moderates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tsar decides to take control of the war and goes to front line, thus he is blamed for each defeat. It’s wife who is left in power back home. She is in command of state, blamed for being German. Rumours fly, she’s a traitor and working for the enemy, there’s one guy who can cure her son who has hemophilia. In middle of war, husband is not home, she gets ahold of Rasputin, he can tell the future (medium), cut off his penis. No photo of him where he doesn’t look evil. Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin becomes the Advisor to the royal family and “facts” are starting to crazy guy, german queen. Even on poster Rasputin is evil. They kill Rasputin, gave him enough poison to kill 3,4 horses, shot, burned, stabbed him, autopsy said he drown. First Soviet (revolutionary council of workers), |
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Term
| February Revolution in Russia |
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Definition
March 7, 1917: steel workers on strike
March 8: Women’s Day riots (bread)
March 9-10: Tsarina called the Army
March 11: Army fired on crowds
Tsar dissolved a protesting Duma
March 12: Army joined the rioters
March 13: Duma asked Tsar to leave
This revolution is only in one city, St. Petersburg, |
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Term
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Definition
March 12: soldiers and workers set up the first “Petrograd Soviet”
Radicals = bosheviks, moderates c
2,500 elected deputies (Mensheviks)
March 13: in reaction, the Duma formed a “provisional government”
Two parallel governments in place
March 14: Tsar arrested on train
March 15: Tsar abdicated his throne because he was a nice guy, worst thing possible. A vacuum of power. Everyone in Russia realizes that they can take power. Changes his mind in the morning but too late
Ends up in house arrest, in forest in centre of country, happiest man in the world. Cuts wood, grows garden, had family, no responsibilities anymore. Allowed to have visitors. But,
The Duma needs a leader, they chose a lawyer, Aleksandr Feodorovich Kerensky, Duma ruled, he decides to continue the war and announces an offensive. Worst thing he could have ever decided, people decide that they have enough. At the beginning everyone likes him but they do not have capacity to attack might Germans. |
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Term
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Definition
Dual power: Soviet let Duma govern
Controlled by moderate communists
Hunger, riots, counter-revolutions
Kerensky wanted to continue the war
April 1917: Germany smuggled Lenin
June: Kerensky offensive failed
“July Days”: Bolshevik riots defeated
Nobody knows Lenin and is not popular leader, first attempt fails.
Now the Balshaviks want to end the war and kill Keransky, kill the people in place, kill priests, kill, kill, kill. Lenin wants revolution that’s gonna last.
Women’s Battalion of Death, Ukrainian girls (first experiment with female combat troops) Protect Keransky at his palace.
People at the front feel tired, Russian troops running away without guns, Lenin arrives. Germany smuggled Lenin into Finland from Switzerland. He does have a lot of sympathy because his slogan is great, Peace!Bread!Land! Rumour gets out that that’s what he wants, it works, but not military coup. Petrograd, bring guns and creates nucleus of Red Army (Red Guards), They go on steets to try to remove Karensky, they are shooting at the Balsheviks “July Days”, Russian army opens fire on Red Guards, Lenin Exiled into Finland. Trucksky creates Red Army, has henchman, Stalin.
Leon Trotsky, Founder of the Red Army, now we have second revolution. Balsheviks are doing second revolution. First was duma and manchevik. |
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Term
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Definition
August 1917: failed Tsarist takes over
Spetember: Bolsheviks took control of the Petrograd Soviet = trotsky
November 6: Red Guards and sailors from Kronstdt cut off Petrograd
November 7: took over government at the Winter Palace without resistance
November 8: Lenin declares Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, USSR. Produces 5
year civil war. Lenin is ideological father, wrote all these books, says, we are all going to war.
Civil war. |
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Term
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Definition
Lenin keeps promise and stops the war
Dec 14 1917: armistice in effect
Dec 22: peace negotiations
German demands too high: want land
February 10 1918: Trotsky broke talks
Russians understand Germans can win
February 18: Alliance resumed attack
Germans use civil war to abuse russia
Ukraine, Belarus Baltic states seized.
Germans are victims of their own success because they take too much land. Starts the cold war. |
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Term
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Definition
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Lenin betrayed 1914 alliance, breaks the triple entente. March 3 1918.
400,000 men go west, more Germans on western front. |
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Term
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Definition
Kaiserschlacht (stormtroopers)
Ludendorf, Nov 1917, “Our General situation requires that we should strike at the earliest moment, if possible at the end of Feb or beginning of March, before the Americans can throw stong forces into the scale. We must beat the British”
Nov 20: Dec 3 1917, Battle of Cambrai, this was battle where stalemate was broken due to the tanks!!
Colonel J.F.C. Fuller- spent 20 years promoting Blitzkreig in Britain but no one listened except Hitler |
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Term
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Definition
Improved artillery system
Massive tank attack (320 tanks)
Air support from 300 aircraft
Fighters (Camel) with bombs
Fighter-bomber losses = 30%
Special units & aircraft fought back
Tanks must be supported, especially with artillery fire
Rang the bells in England thinking that they won the war
Ludendorf learned how important tanks can be
Machine gun with a scope on planes, with flares, grenades, if he finds weak spot he throws flares, assault battalions (battle squadrons) in the air: Schlachtsteffen
Storm troopers and battle squadrons save Ludendorf from defeat on the western front. He saw their potential so he makes more and more |
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Term
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Definition
Ludendorf or Spring Offensive
Advantage of over 50 divisions (1 division 10,000)
March 21, 1918: broke stalemate
6k guns = 1.1M shells in 5 hours
In 8 days, Germans took 64km
Defence in depth not all ready
Portuguese and American troops
Why portuguese? Because of military alliance going back to 18th century, portuguese support British because British supported them in Napoleon days
Stobtruppen: Several division of elite shock troops
Portable machine gun you can carry in your hand, world’s first submachine gun, light automatic weapon “Bergmann MP 18.1”
500 rounds per minute (drum = 32), outlawed by Versailles Treaty |
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Term
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Definition
Schlachtstaffeln: camouflaged plane, better plane needed for attacking the ground: “Junkers J.I” everything was protected and none were ever shot down, 1st all-metal plane, 227 aircraft
Germans bring their own version of a tank, it’s horrible, too big, Sturmpanzerwagen (assault armoured wagon) A7V, only made 4 because they realized they were a joke, 2 of them met British tanks, Germans reuse 100 captured British tanks,
Objective 1: Split the British and French lines
Objective 2: Drive the BEF to the channel
British don’t go to sea because depth in defense, Germans don’t care about French because they are in a mutiny
Plan was pretty bad because there was lack of food, they tried to capture depots of French and British, they will be shocked by wealth of Allied supplies.
Haig bears the brunt of Kaiserschlagg, conflict with British PM over resources, stretched front lines (French), but no one wants to give Haig more troops because Churchill and Lloyd George don’t like him |
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Term
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Definition
Defence in Depth
Reserve and supply dumps at rear
Front line = forward zone (thin)
Brought into trap thinking that they were taking the first line
Snipers, patrols, machine guns
Battle zone = main area of fighting
Bunkers, redoubts, cross-firing
Rear zone = counter-attack men
Main sectors ready for Germans
Germans do 5 offensives, we panic, when we panic we are better? Allies do something never done before, we create a supreme command with Canadians, Australians, British, French, Portuguese all under one commander.
April 3 1918, Allied Supreme Commander, Generalissimo Ferdidand Foch, only time Americans ever found under non-American commander
Objective 3: break through the French lines and go to Paris
Germans pound Paris with the Grosse Bertha, can’t find this gun
Foch/Clemenceau, June 4, 1918, “I will fight in front of Paris, I will fight in Paris, I will fight behind Paris”, German troops came within 90 km of the capital
Who stops Kaiserschlacht? Germans are super tired, keep pushing forward but as they blast forward, the ground gets muddy and they get stuck. Exhaustion. |
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Term
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Definition
Great planning diluted strategy
Tactical victories w/o outcomes
Penetration in wrong sectors
Slow infantry + heavy weapons
Huge casualties in best troops
Fatigue, supply, bad landscape
Exhausted manpower = the end
German troops have no more motivation, Spanish flu has arrived from American midwest (we blame the spanish), victory brings nothing, lots of ground but haven’t captured a single city, |
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Term
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Definition
German army, 900,000 casualties, 400,000 dead Spanish Influenza, Ludendorf has a nervous breakdown, wasted a million men for nothing
Tanks are used a lot after this, |
|
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Term
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Definition
April 1917: French first used tanks
November: BEF broke Cambrai (320)
Failure to exploit the breakthrough
Lessons learned and improvements
Germany: 15 tanks only but used 100
April 24, 1918: first tank engagement
Plans for 30,000 Allied tanks in 1919
Germans invent worlds first accurate anti aircraft gun, Maxim Flak M14 Gun (1 pounder/37mm) |
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Term
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Definition
Flying Boats (ASW), looking for submarines to sink them with depth charges, planes have floaters, Seaplanes (Floatplanes)
Birth of the carrier, June 1918, German ship. |
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Term
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Definition
Americans didn’t want to go to war, they are pretty mad that the president changed his mind
Mary Pickford, darling of US, born in Ontario, Committee on Public Information
Wilson creates the worlds first government propaganda
All the big names were put into this; beginning of fake government information
They made movies, that big names didn’t like, beginning of fake news?
Joffre came to New York, hero of the Marne
Wilson announced how he’s going to win the war, 14 points: things to get Americans to recruit; naive and innocent but wants to do good, British was mad,
Open covenants of peace
Absolute freedom upon the seas
The removal of all economic barriers
Adequate guaranties…(of disarmament)
Equitable colonial self-determination
A general association of nations (the league of Nations)
Americans have more money than anyone else, in 5 months they spend almost as much money as the British for the entire war. |
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Term
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Definition
Did Wilson know the extent of debt?
Triple Entente owed USA $2.3 billion
UK had loaned 2.2 billion to the Allies
If Wilson went to war, US would have never got their money back.
1917: UK was out of liquidity and gold
Triple Alliance owed USA $27 million
Allied stalemate or defeat = US losses
There would have been a huge crash to western economies if Allies did not win
WAR=loans and supplies to the Allies
First thing Wilson signed as President
After his decree to declare war he gave Britain and France unlimited credit
Every country was bankrupt
Americans had so much money to spend
Democracies are the worst because they pay their government to fight on the battlefield
Federal reserve, liberty bonds, 1917-1918, $20 billion (58% total)
We can always find money for the war, but not money for important things like residents of high river etc.
People gave their money to be killed on the battlefield
Americans are arriving on the Western Front, they think they are going to go straight to Berlin. Commander has a lot of experience killing half naked men in Mexico.
General John J. Pershing, commander of American Expeditionary Force, comes to Europe thinking he’s not going to do trench warfare
Pershing has two guys with him, Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, General Douglas MacArthur “Big Mac”
When Americans arrived, they make the French laugh, call them doughboys
American’s see themselves as saviours/crusaders
Crusaders arrive, 0.5M in July 1918, US First Army (20 divisions) (1 year and 5 months after they declared war)
Pershing is obsessed with not fighting trench warfare
Americans mass produce Reneau tanked, mass produce 2000
American tank commander, Lieutenant Colonel George S. Patton, fought for 20 minutes in the war, after 20 minutes his tank was hit and he was injured.
Americans are dumb, send their tanks on the open field and get blasted by German artillery, keeps men above ground
Way better in WWII
Second Battle of the Marne, tank attack,
Americans fight at Bellewood, Marines
Marines called devil dogs by Germans because they fight well
BAR M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, this has crazy recoil, very powerful, answer to German submachine gun, single shot or fully automatic, designed to stop a man running, hurts so much that it’s gonna stop the man it hits, Browning sent son to test gun in battle, FIREPOWER: Twenty .30 calibre rounds fired in less than three seconds
Winchester M97, “Trench Broom/Sweeper” Six 12 gauged rounds shotgun
Septermber 1918 Official German Complaint because they said this gun was cruel.
Now americans bring more men and more artillery
Americans think that they won the war and put that on all memorials
Australians are elite troops “Diggers” ; the Digger’s War
Australians had interesting way of fighting, they sneak around, silent penetration at night, slice throats, stab and take prisoners.
Australian Corps, 5 divisions, Masters of “Peaceful Penetration” |
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Elite shock troops in the West
Preperations, models, maps, learn
Combat engineer battalions
Gas, artillery, tank coordination
Storm Troopers: can’t be halted
Canadians head of every British offensive
We are leading the Allies in 1918
Hindenburg line
Ground that Germans took during Kasierschlacht we wanted back?
If we breach the line, Berlin is right there 2,000 km away.
December 1916
Bunkers, pill boxes, rats, Germans, 3 lines of trenches |
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July 18 1918: Second Battle of the Marne ordered by General Foch
Germans in Retreat for 48 hours
Allies led an offensive to win war
Picardy: flat, good tank country
August 8: 10div/500 tank assault
Canadians don’t have tank corps but use British tanks
“Black Day of the German Army” because Canadians break the Germans at Amiens
Crib and fesin is on tanks to help somehow?
24 km advance on the western front. |
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August 8: Battle of Amiens
August 21: the Somme Offensive
Sept 2: Second Battle of Arras
Sept 26: Grand Offensive (Foch)
Sept 27: Canadians break the Hindenburg line, Canal du Nord night battle
Oct 8: Battle of Cambrai = retreat
Germans are not in a rout (chaotic retreat), organized retreat. Leaving rear guard, booby traps, etc. Tactical retreat
CEF puts ¼ German Army to flight
“Canada’s 100 Days” we are leading, taking prisoners, taking Hindenburg line
After Cambrai there’s nothing left, Arras-Cambrai road
Canal du Nord, built a bridge overnight!!!! Combat engineers, made this bridge. |
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Now they are walking in field and picking up berries, shooting off retreating Germans, that’s victory, but there are booby traps, cavalry comes out,
Finally Germans are losing, how do we prove that? ¾ million Germans don’t show up for work “slackers,” many have deserted, AWOL, absent with out leave.
Germans retreat to Belgium, retreat to Holland leaving behind all their weapons.
Private George Lawrence Price CEF, 10:58am, died two minutes before end of war.
Mons, 11 am WWI ends, Nov 11 1918 |
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End of the French Revolution, used as symbol because Germans hate that
Flag of Imperial Era, flag of Kaiser
Reichstag = German Parliament |
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| Civilian-Military Relations |
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German Empire ruled by the Kaiser
Legislative power in the Reichstag
Parliament: 1 vote per adult man
Social Democrats held ⅓ of votes, left wing, Communists left wing
Zentrum is central party, catholic party on right, social democrat left.
Conservative coalitions, right-wing Liberals and Catholics dominated it
Prime minister/chancellor is nominated by president or advisor
Chancellor led Reichstag for Kaiser
1916: everything changed because military dictatorship = Army
Ludendorf and Hindenberg rule Germany by decree/absolute power. This is how we see Germany fall.
Kaiser targeted throughout allies as war, he was really a puppet.
What is end result? People are starving |
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January: Berlin strikes + 50 cities
Germany starved by the blockade
Home front collapsed = shortages
Crime and prostitution increased
Poor middle-class; rich labourers; this creates new class, the working class.
Oct: 1 in 6 Germans hit by influenza
250,000 death by malnutrition. Ludendorf is telling people that it is all fine on the western front and that they are winning the war
Rosa Luxembourg, leader of the German communist party, she was in jail and Karl Liebknecht. She was in jail because of her communist ideas, she wanted a revolution.
When war was almost over, they released her from jail. Communists known as Spartakus? (2nd most threatening event in Roman history) |
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Oct 1: Ludendorff admitted defeat
Oct 2: Berlin told to sign armistice
Oct 3: new Chancellor appointed
Social Democrats in government in order to try and get favour of the people.
Oct 5: note sent to US President because of US’s 14 points. President is mad at Kaiser because Kaiser took land in east March 1918 (Ukraine), puts his nephews and uncles on the throne ruled by kings and jukes.
Oct 21: Berlin asked for armistice
Oct 23: Wilson replied “Kaiser out”
Fall of kaiser directly linked to United States.
New Chancellor Prince Maximilian von Baden, moderate.
Wilson is now playing role he wanted, will he get reward? He doesn’t get the reward because he doesn’t negotiate peace |
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Oct 26: Ludendorff fled to Sweden
Oct 27: Kiel (German navy port) mutinies = spread out
Oct 28: first contitutional reforms
German Army wanted peace and rest
Nov 8: Socialist Republic in Bavaria (Quebec of Germany), suddenly this province is super left wing
Nov 9: Kaiser abdicated (give up all titles) at noon, even field marshal was against him.
I am no longer emperor, I renounce family history, creates a vacuum of power. That same afternoon: 2 separate republics are created!!!! (Socialist Republic and Rosa Luxembourg’s Communist Party) |
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Frieden und Brot (Freedom and bread), all the sailors want is end of the war so a bunch of sailors sail from one port to another telling people, Oct 27 - Nov 8 1918. Armbands to differentiate. Submariners never mutinied. Nov 9: General strike, civilians with guns walking on street. Kaiser loses most precious support. Hindenberg told Kaiser to leave for the good of Germany, then fled to Sweden himself.
Kaiser Wilhelm II, End of 504 Year Rule of Prussian Kings, exiled in Holland. What did he become? Holland never released him because cousin was Queen of Holland. Kaiser had posh life. Hitler sent him messages to let him know if he needed help. Kaiser died of old age, buried in German monarch grave? Hitler was pro-kaiser. 2pm, Germany is democracy, a Parliamentary Republic. Everyone can vote, elect leaders. 4:30 in afternoon the Communists declare a new state. It’s Karl, from Kaiser’s bedroom balcony, declares Germany a communist state (socialist republic). Problem is that there’s two governments. War still isn’t over. They will talk to eachother and say that we have to do something. Parliamentary Republic takes charge and says they will finish off the war, Rosa agrees). SPD (Socialist Party Germany) Leader, Friedrich Ebert, Chancellor. He has serious problem, he has a mad woman to deal with, he needs to stop this communist revolution. He needs the army so he makes a deal with army, you come back, kill communists and I will not purge the army (Prussian-German Officer Corps Deal).
In train wagon in forest in France, negotiations started. Germans agreed to terms of armistice. La foret de Compiegne, 36 day armistice, Monday November 11 1918, Signed at 5:15am for 11am. 4 years of carnage for absolutely nothing.
Now can celebrate the end of the war. Canadian troops entering Germany. Germans were told that they were winning and all was good on western front, now allied troops going in Germany. Whose feeding children now, the Allies, the French and Americans are giving them food. Enemy is feeding their family. French kick and hit and rape, it’s revenge from Alsace-Lorraine. 36 day cease fire, nothing signed for treaty yet. |
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Bulgaria grabbed land from Russians, Romanians, but didn’t last long.
September 1918, Defeat in Macedonia
After defeat, Bulgarian government collapsed. Sept 27 1918 Mutiny and Republic Declared. Republic, Government with no dictator. French were able to defeat the Bulgarian army and get them to Capitulate (Sep 19). Emperor left. Oct 3, 1918, Tsar Ferdinand I abdicated in favour of his son Boris III.
Now republic with parliament and with Prime Minister
Bulgaria’s punishment, we carved up Bulgaria and gave all the territory back
Treaty of Neuilly |
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Fighting on the Italian front. Austrian built German albotrosses.
Caporetto
11 battles same front and lost them all
Almost revolution because such bad defeat, rout
October 1917: Italian Army put to rout
Austrian + Germany storm troopers
Western Front Allied units rushed in
November: Supreme War Council
Oct 24 1918: Italians win first battle of WWI, battle of Vittorio Veneto
Nov 3: 300,000 AH surrendered = end.
Mountain Troops Captured 3000 Italian POW’s, hero was Lieutenant Erwin Rommel.
Fall of Austria Hungary
Italians on last day of war advance to territory, Trieste, to claim it
Dysentry, malaria, influenza, malnutrition
Soldiers have enough
Oct 1918: retreat from Albania/Serbia
Oct 7: Poles declared independence
Oct 28: Czecho-Slovak State created
Austrian-Galicia joined Poland too
Oct 29: Yugoslavian states left AH.
Oct 30: Austro-German Free State
Oct 31: Hungary and Romania left, not much of Austria left, just independent state
Nov 3 1918: AH capitulated.
Socialist Revolution in Vienna, all want revolution, guy in charge is Kaiser Karl I, renounced power (temporarily) on Nov 11, 1918.
November 16, 1918
Real soviet revolution in Hungary
March - August 1919, Hungarian Soviet Republic
Very violent.
Sent Romanian and French troops to kick out communists.
Hungary pays for WW1 participation by cutting it up. |
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October 1917: Italian Army put to rout
Austrian and German storm troopers
Wesern Front Allied units rushed in
Nov: Allies = Supreme war council
Oct 24, 1918: Italian Offensie, victory!
Nov 3: AH capitualted; Italy lost 1.3 M dead (600k civilians) + 1 M wounded.
Italy lost more casualties than France! |
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| 4 fronts in turkey, Suez Canal (Important for trade with India), Arabia, Iraq, Middle East? |
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Turks and Germans led by Falkenhayn (fired after Verdun, redeemed himself in Romania)
Sinai and Palestine, Mesopotamian and Caucasus campaigns (+Gallipoli)
1916: revolt in Arabia, Aden, Persia
1917: Baghada/Gaza/Jerusalem taken
May 1918: new Republic of Armenia
Oct 30: armistice signed with Empire
Kaiser is thinking “Bavaria turns red, bulgaria…., turkey is falling apart”
British, to win the war, raises free Arab legion, Lawrence created it to help fight the Turks. In return they were promised their independence.
Lieutenenat-Colonel T. E. Lawrence, Champion of Arab cause. Lawrence of Arabia. He was pedophile but bloodthirsty war hero, spoke 7 languages.
December 1917: Jerusalem taken
September 21, 1918: Turkish Army destroyed at Wadi el Fara through tactical air forces (attacking ground targets)
October 1, 1918: Damascus. Lawrence would dress as them.
November 13, 1918: Turks surrender, we enter constantinople, Greeks enter constantinople, first ship entered was Greek, lots of bad history between Turks and Greek.
Partition: Allies carve up the middle east, today we are stuck with problems, it’s a mess, beginning of 100 years of conflict.
Lettow Forbeck was only German General never defeated in WWI, only German general allowed to (with his men) entered gates in German. Allies respect him because not a single attrocity was committed by him or his troops in WWI. Allies raised money in England for him and give him a pension. He supports Hitler at beginning, but then he gets old and gets away from Hitler. |
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| What is impact when war is over? |
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Ww1 is Great war because now one expects another war to be as devastating. How many things destroyed in WWI. 300,000 homes destroyed western Europe. What do you need to get a salary; work in factory. 6,000 factories destroyed. 1,600 km of railroad needs to be rebuilt.
6 million men have to be reintegrated into society
plastic surgery like mad
shell shock, ptsd, Freud analysis
Deserters, AWOL, Many countries did not shoot deserters
9.5 million war deaths (5:4) allies lost more
Imperial War Graves Commission. Every soldier has right to have tombstone payed for by government, family has personal comments on bottom, some comments are amazing, if family refuses, army writes their own. Schools organize field trips to go tend the graves.
Americans, never leave a man behind. If you die, they will find you and make sure you’re properly buried. |
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Repatriation of 65M soldiers (riots)
1 in 6 couples divorce after WWI
Fear of labour unrest + Communism
Advance pay, civilian clothing, leave
Reinsertion programs and job offers
War pension for invalids & widows
No education nor psychological help
Social unrest after WWI
9 millions civilian casualties, as many civilians died as soldiers. Almost same number civilians and soldiers die. Total War. We became immune and numb to women and children casualties. Beginning of cynical society.
WWI kills 18.5 million people. They thought nothing could be worse than WWI.
Everyone celebrated. Who won WWI?
Everybody has the Spanish Flu 1918, 1919. All European soldiers come back to Canada, US, Australia but bring Spanish Flu with them. Went through 3 years of crap and now flu kills them.
March 1918 - June 1920, 21 to 100 million victims worldwide |
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German sees themselves as getting screwed, no more sword, no more shield, no more crown. 3 wolves.
6 months
Orlando, Llyod George, Clemeanceau Wilson. THE BIG THREE.
Need to find guilty party, then make him pay for his crimes. Nobody is happy.
Jan 18 - June 28 1919 in Paris
70 delegates/27 nations participated
Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia were not invited. Mad at these 4 countries. They are not noble. (Russia signs separate peace with Germany)
Unhappy compromise of “Big Three”
All agree on blaming Germany. Germans shouldn’t be held fully responsible. We want money, and reparations.
Effective Jan 10, 1920 (+League of Nations)
Article 231, War Guilt Clause, Letter to Austria from Wilhelm saying that Germany will suuport them.
German people feel like the punishment was too great.
Made Poland, Estonia, Lituania. Provides Hitler with ammunition to start WWII.
Signed at the famous hall of mirrors at Versailles, because that’s where Bismarck created Germany in 1871; 50 years later they destroy Germany at its birthplace, “Here Germany was created, here Germany is destroyed” June 28, 1919. Forced to sign. We have copy here in Canada. |
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1921 - 1935: National Defence Force
Maximum 100,000 servicemen in all
Officers: 25 years, Ranks:12 years
Army: no tanks, heavy artillery, machine guns
Navy: no subs, no carriers, 100k tons (about 6 or 7 destroyers), made to limit German armed forces.
Air Force: to be completely destroyed.
Truppenamt: hidden General Staff (fake human resources department), planning for the next war. This is where great Blitzkrieg of Hitler started.
REICHSWEHR: 9,500 recruits allowed per year, 85,000 volunteers annually, No urban recruits or Zionists (Jews)
15,000 aircraft, 28,000 engines, 16 dirigibles dismantled for scrap
German Fleet was at Scapa Flow, UK. German fleet was waiting to be told what to do. They decided to scuttle themselves because they would be confiscated unless they destoryed them, 52/74 ships were sunk.
June 21, 1919: scuttle blow the explosives in the ship that come equipped with thte ships.
Navy is now Reichmarine. Total shame.
Reparations: 226 billion Reichmarks in gold (Oct 3, 2010)
Germans kept printing money, inflation rose like crazy. 87 trillion dollars for an ounce of gold. Women with wheelbarrels of money to buy loaf of bread
Germans burn money, because it’s worth nothing, and to try to get money out of circulation.
The veterans suffered, they felt shamed, betrayed. Hitler was able to convince these guys. “The Allies are making you starve”They knew in 1919 that kids were soldiers of next war.
League of Nations, helps put people in power for years, doesn’t get problems solved, created to stop wars, but it didn’t do anything. No enforcement tool of League of Nations.
When Woodrow Wilson comes back to the States, the Father of the League of Nations, all the republican parties and everyone says that they don’t want to be a part of the League of Nations. US never signed the Versailles treaty because his country wouldn’t let him. Americans never joined the league of Nations. Wilson comes back home, hero in Europe, loser in US.
GENEVA (42 nations), are apart of the league of nations
Guys who create the treaty realize it’s a lost cause and that they can’t prevent a war. “This is not peace, it is an Armistice for 20 years!” Marechal Foch (first allied supreme commander)
“Within another generation there will be another world war” President WIlson
Hitler party comes out of this. |
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Economic austerity, reconstruction
Britain: foremost power on Earth
France: socialism, instability, crisis
Germany had twice the French pop (promoted childbirth) (birth centres)
Italy: Mussolini took over in 1922
Poland: won major war with USSR 1921
Finland: civil war and independence
Baltic states: war and independence
Japan is big winner of Versailles treaty, joins us, grabs everything from Germany and keeps it. |
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1916: islands north of equator for escorting British ships
1917: treaty with Russia in return for Mongolia
1917: treaty with Washington
1918: Occupied Manchuria
1919: Versailles confirmed all |
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After WWI, we need to explain why 18 million people were killed, told people it was noble and just when it was not.
Armistice Day, November 11th created in 1919 by George V.
John McCrae, writes in Flanders Fields
1872: son of Guelph military Father
1910 Lord Grey expedition physician
Artillery posting, Second Boer War
1914: field surgeon in artillery unit
May 1915: poem “In Flanders Fields”
CO of #3 General Hospital (McGill)
January 1918: died of pneumonia
Collective mourning and memory, cenotaph is many towns.
Every national capital lay wreaths at monuments and tomb for the unknown dead, eternal flame. Tomb of the unknown soldiers. 1920: Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, Westminster Abbey (UK), so many people that died we don’t know who they are, so we honour them at national cenotaph.
Canada has national monument in Europe, considered best monument in Europe, said by Hitler, this monument at Vimy Ridge, 1925 - 1936. Names of Canadian soldiers that weren’t found, 11,285 names, 11,000 tons. Who was guy that opened the monument, Edward VIII, he opened up Vimy Ridge, and soon abdicated, became pro-Nazi and dealt drugs.
Royal Canadian Legions created for Veterans
Started as lobby groups
1918: only 15 active veterans groups
1921: UK, Canada, SA, Australia, NZ, set British Empire Services League
1925: Dominion Veterans Alliance
November 1925: 1st Canadian Legion formed in Winnipeg, Manitoba
July 1926: Act of Parliament Charter
It took us 8 years to care about our vets because we didn’t have any money, just like the vets now. (Harper gives them lump sum and kicks them out).
What the guys couldn’t get at a therapist, they got at the legion with other veterans. This is where they could cry and get it out. They all have PTSD and legion is only way to cope. |
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Strong voice, advise the government
Improved pension legislation
Benefits for veterans and families
Treatment and appeals procedures
Returned soldiers’ insurance
Help veterans treat tubercolosis
1930: War Veteran’s Allowance act (took 12 years for Canadians vets to be recognized)
1921: woman in Seattle starts to sell poppies so that her Veteran can get some money, poppy is American invention.
1919: tried to analyze war in movies, anti war movies “J’accuse”
1937 they remade movie, dead coming out to hound living on battlefield
All Quiet on the Western Front, popular book, all his friends die, he dies in the end, anti war book. 1928, 2.5M copies sold in 25 languages in 18 months. Became THE novel of WWI. (Ludendorf would print that in newspapers, all quiet on the western front).
People became cynical, most governments did not last, they were hit 10 years later by the great depression. That’s the afteraffect of WWI. |
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