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| Emperor William II of Germany |
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| Young emperor who dismissed Bismarck. He departed from Bismarck’s policies and did not renew the Russian-German Reinsurance even though the Russians wanted to. This resulted in France and Russia becoming military allies. |
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| Germany called a conference to agitate the relationship between the British and French. The conference was about the Moroccan question, although Germany did not present any real or clear demands. |
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| Area in Europe that was under a lot of stress. Nationalistic feelings there threatened to harm the Austria-Hungarian empire, as well as the Ottoman Empire. However, the people in Serbia were especially angry toward their foreign occupiers, and they were willing to use extreme means in order to gain independence. |
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| Alliance between Great Britain, Russia, and France. They were later joined by the United States in 1917. |
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| Alliance between Italy, Germany, and Austria. Later, Italy reneged out of the Alliance on claims that Austria was the original aggressor. |
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| Archduke Francis Ferdinand |
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| Successor to the throne of Austria who was assassinated by the Black Hand, a Serbian nationalistic group. His death resulted in the Austrian invasion of Serbia, which led to World War I. |
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| Plan that the Central powers made up to win the war. It would involve defeating France in a lightning attack going through neutral Belgium, then a turn toward Russia. |
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| Strategy designed to reduce the effectivness of machine-gun fire. The soldiers dug trenches so that they could avoid machine gun fire. Junior officers and draftees would rush above the trenches, a certain suicide mission. |
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| Unrestricted submarine warfare |
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| The usage of submarines in order to blockade British trade. The submarine violated international niceties as well as increasing negative sentiment toward the Germans from the Americans. |
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| Terrorist group in Serbia which wanted complete independence for Serbia. They were responsible for the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand. |
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| Balkan state under the rule of Austria-Hungary. They were attacked by Austria-Hungary because the successor to the Austrian throne was killed by the Black Hand. |
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| Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire against the Allied powers of the Triple Entente. |
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| Jewish industrialist who owned Germany’s largest electric company. He convinced the government to set up the War Raw Materials Board to ration and distribute raw materials. All useful materials were inventoried and rationed. |
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| Hindenburg and Ludendorff |
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| Military leaders who seized power from Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg. They set up the country for total war, and they believed that they could only win if all the treasures of their soil (agriculture and industry) were used exclusively for the war effort. |
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| Created to inventory and ration all raw materials in Russia. |
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| Law which required all males between seventeen and sixty to work at jobs critical to the war effort. |
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| Final Tsar of Russia. He and his family were murdered during the Russian Revolution. |
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| Foul priest who became very close to the Romanov family, especially the empress of Russia. He was later murdered. |
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| Military order which stripped army officers of all their privileges and game all power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers. |
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| A huge mass of workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals. This government shared power with the provisional government of Russia. |
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| Socialist reformer who was a mortal enemy of the Russian monarchy. He used the Communist Manifesto for inspiration. He thought that capitalism could only be destroyed by violent revolution. |
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| Tsarist police which was revived by the Communists. They executed the real or supported foes of the Communist party. |
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| Master strategist and Lenin’s right hand. He used his great oratory skills and cunning to bring the army under the Bolsheviks control. He took advantage of the anarchy that resulted from the March revolution and basically transferred power over to the soviets. |
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| The army of the Bolsheviks during the Russian civil war. They proved to be victorious. |
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| The name of Vladimir Lenin’s party. They later became the Communist party. |
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| Treaty which reduced the size of the Russian empire by 33% and effectively was the surrender of Russia to Germany. |
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| Government set up following the fall of the Tsar. This weak government was led by Kerensky and later overthrown by the Bolsheviks. |
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| Leader of the Provisional Government of Russia until it was overthrown by the Communists. |
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| Army during the Russian civil war that was united by one cause, their hatred of the Red Army. They were defeated. |
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| President of the United States during World War I. At first, he preached isolationism, but later he turned to war after the sinking of the Lusitania. He later came up with the 14 points and the League of Nations. |
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| Leader of France during World War I. After the war, he wanted to punish Germany for its actions. He also wanted a buffer state between France and Germany, the permanent demilitarization of Germany, and vast German reparations. |
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| Treaty which dictated the peace terms of World War I. This treaty resulted in minor German territorial losses. They also had to limit their army to 100,000 men and agree to build no forts in the Rhineland. |
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| German territory that was returned to France due to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles |
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| Territories took by Britain as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. The British promised to establish a national Jewish state in Palestine. |
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| Territories taken by France due to the Treaty of Versailles. |
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| The declaration that Germany was responsible for the war and they had to pay the reparations. |
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| Money paid in order to offset the damages of war |
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| Leader of England who wanted Germany punished, but not to as severe a degree as Clemenceau wanted |
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| Served as the Prime minister of Italy during the war and was a delegate at the peace talks |
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| Territory Italy gained as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. This territory was gained from Austria. |
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| Potential alliance proposed by Wilson which would call on the nations of the world to assist each other in preserving the peace. The League fell apart when the United States had an internal conflict and they failed to ratify the treaty. |
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