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| was during World War I when Italy and Britain stayed uncommitted. Italy also stayed neutral, or supported no side of the war. General Alfred von Schlieffen created a war plan of attack against France. He wanted to avoid a two-front war with France and Russia. First Germany would have to quickly beat France, and then fight Russia. This caused Britain to get mad and declared war on Germany. |
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| assassinated Archduke Ferdinand and his wife. He was a member of the Serbia’s Black Hand, a terrorist group. They wanted to kill the tyrant of Austria, Ferdinand, because Serbia hated their country. Princip fired two shots at the Archduke and his wife and they were dead. |
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| is a scenario that the world’s power structure falls under. It is a superpower with no single leading country. It includes several powers, or countries, of similar strength. It occurred in the 16th and 17th century Europe. In this each country tries to each build the most weapons. It is not very safe because lots of alliances appear. |
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| this occurred after the Archduke of Austria was assassinated by a Serbian terrorist. Austria was furious with them and asked Germany, their ally for permission to declare war. Germany issued them a “blank check” or rights to do whatever they want to the other country. |
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| is opposition to all war. In the early 1900’s many pacifists emerged. The Olympics promoted peace among all countries, and so did Alfred Nobel, the creator of the Nobel Peace Prize. Lots of women created organizations to promote this idea as well. |
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| is the glorification of the military. It grew a little bit out of Social Darwinism. Militarists thought that war was needed to fix problems among countries. They did not think of the tragedies and casualties of war but rather the heroic part of it. |
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| two French provinces lost to Germany in the Franco-Prussian war. Nationalism made the French want these provinces back very badly. This is partly because Germany won every time. |
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| is a non-binding agreement to follow common policies. France and Britain signed one in 1904. Britain also signed one later with Russia. Later when war broke out these countries became known as the allies. |
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| was when Russia was not doing so well and Lenin came into power. He signed this treaty to pull the Russian troops out of the war. It was signed in 1918 with Germany. It ended Russian participation in World War I. |
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| is the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to wreck an opposing cause. Allied propaganda helped Germany’s invasion of Belgium as a terrible act. German propagandists also encouraged their people to hate the British. |
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| is the land between the two opposing trenches. It was difficult for the soldiers to cross because they would become easy targets. They had to charge the open desert-like land to the enemy lines. They also had lots of barbed wire that they would have to cross. |
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| was a British liner that was torpedoed by the Germans in 1915. They said they did this because they were carrying weapons. Wilson threatened to cut off relations with Germany, but they agreed to restrict their submarine campaign. They soon broke this promise though, and Wilson denounced Germany. |
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| was where the battle between the Allies and the Central Powers took place in 1916. They wanted to break the stalemate. The Germans tried to overwhelm the French and it lasted for 11 months. There were half a million casualties on both sides. |
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| was a message intercepted by the British in 1917. It was from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, to his ambassador in Mexico. He asked for Mexican support and said he would help Mexico reconquer their land in the USA. Britain showed the note to the American government and made them feel very uneasy about Germany. |
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| is the right of people to choose their own form of government. Wilson preferred this for Eastern Europe. He felt that this issue caused the war. He brought up this point in the Fourteen Points, his list on how to resolve this war and future wars. |
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| The 4 "isms" that started the war |
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| Imperialsim, nationalism, pas-slavism, militarism |
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§ Expansion and glorification of the armed services
Has 4 chief characteristics:
1. Increase military spending
2. Build an army- arms race, then war
3. Forming alliances
4. Conscription/ Draft a) UK Naval equation, they kept building |
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○ Austria annexed (took) Bosnia
○ Serbia hates Austria
§ Don’t want them to take over
§ Serbia resorts to terrorism
□ The Black Hand
§ They want to assassinate Archduke Ferdinand
□ Gavrilo Princip failed then it worked and he and his wife died
○ Austria is now furious
§ They are in an alliance with Germany
§ They ask them if they can have a war with Serbia/ Germany issues Austria a "Blank Check"
○ A provincial (regional) conflict caused a world war
○ Germany on Russia , Germany on France, Germany on Belgium, Then Britain on Germany
§ All in 3 days the whole world is at war |
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§ A book written by Tuchman
§ Beginning of WWI, it was called this
§ War was declared and everyone was ready to fight
□ Each side thinks their going to win
□ And that the war will be over quickly, by Christmas |
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| 2 assumptions for the Schleiffen plan to work: |
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1. Russians slow to mobilize
2. Defeat France quickly |
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1. French general Joffre saves Paris
2. No quick end in sight |
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§ The Russians get killed
§ They weren't prepared for the German's strength
§ Russia's crippled for the rest of the war |
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§ British and French vs. Germans and Austrians
§ They try to outflank each other |
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§ The western front is established
§ There are trench lines on each side
§ Stalemate (a tie) entrenched
□ One side will try to break it |
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| The Germans first tried to break the stalemate |
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§ Was Churchill's idea
§ Decided to initiate the Dardanelles campaign
§ British and ANZAC forces
□ Australia
□ New Zealand
□ Army Core
§ Were going to attack the Turkish through the Again
□ Three motivations:
□ By launching the campaign it would take Austria Hungary out of the war
□ So the allies could take Constantinople
® Important because you control access to the black sea
® You can't pass a ship through black sea without Constantinople
□ If he has access to the black sea he can get supplies to Russia
® Worried the Russians are going to quit
® If Russia quits all of the German soldiers fighting on the eastern front move to the western front
§ Turkey wins
§ Churchill is fired |
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| mutually assured destruction |
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| Trench Warfare bad because... |
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○ Rat Infestation
§ Brown rat (ate corpses)
§ Black rat
○ Trench Foot
§ Skin melts off of feet
○ Trench fever
§ Caused by Lice
§ Sudden high fever
§ Laid eggs in seams of clothes
○ Smelled really bad |
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| Planes (Red Baron) ,Machine guns, U boats (German U-boat campaign)(unrestricted warfare), Gas (French 1st) |
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| In 1917, Wilson wanted to... |
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| Make the world safe for democracy. He declared war on Germany and then Austria-Hungary. |
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| When Germany withdraws they agree to an... |
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armistice, They say that its dumb to keep killing each other and should stop
□ They really don't want to loose |
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| What was the name of the conference? |
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| The Paris Peace Conference, in Versailles |
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| Cold War was fought between... |
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| The notion that all Slavic people have a shared history and should therefore support one another |
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| In an attempt to boost German spirits and instill anger towards the British, Germans were encouraged to sing a... |
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| German ships=12, Austrian ships=6, UK ships=WHAT? |
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| Who was the architect of the failed Gallipoli campaign? |
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| Wilson's plan for peace was called the... |
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fourteen points
□ League of Nations
® Exists w/o the USA
□ Self-determination
® Choose own government
□ Open seas
® The British can't control the waters |
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| The tripple alliance was... |
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| Germany, Austria/ Hungary, Italy |
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| What is a scenario where all countries intentions are well known? |
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| Who represented France, Italy, Britain? |
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Clemenceau, Orlando, George
□ George (UK)
® Wants Germany punished
® Opposed to open seas
□ Clemenceau (Fr)
® Want Germany punished also
□ Orlando (Italy)
® Against self-determination
® Secret deals upheld |
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Idealistic, □ Believed in world peace
□ He didn't want to punish Germany, wants to run the show
® He was barely in the war
□ They don’t like him
□ He wants the League of Nations
® The senate voted against joining this |
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□ Just deals with Germany
® They crippled them!!!
□ They have to give Alsace-Lorraine back to the French
□ German military slashed
□ Give up colonies
□ Had to pay HUGE war reparations
® France, Italy, Britain got it
□ They caused hyper inflation
□ Accept a war guilt cause
Say that they started the war and they are sorry |
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□ Austria/Hungary split
□ Ottoman Empire no more
□ Czechoslovakia is created
® Czech's and Slovakians, not good together
□ Yugoslavia
® Their people (Serbians) hate each other also
□ The Baltic states are created
□ Poland is back
□ Mandate System
® A euphemism for Imperialism |
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| What is the Mandate System? |
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□ It said that an imperial power will keep administrative control of their colonies, until that power deems the colony fit to govern itself
® A euphemism for imperialism |
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| (France, Britain, Russia) |
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§ USA
§ Britain
§ France
§ Italy |
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| British attempt to break the stalemate |
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| 4 Characteristics of Militarism |
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○ Arms race
○ Conscription
○ Alliances
○ Defense spending |
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