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| Range of feelings, beliefs, and habits that an individual shares with society. |
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| A large group of cultures with a high degree of social and technological development. |
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| To exchange goods or services |
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| Bones of animals that had the power to predict the future. |
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| Fusion of eastern and western culture |
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| Raised ares of land to hold back water |
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| Wedged shaped writing system developed in Somer. |
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| A moon shaped strip of fertile land on the Arabian Peninsula |
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| A job where people recorded data and information |
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| A succession of rulers from the same line of family |
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| Respected women more than men |
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| An underground system of tunnels to transport water |
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| The first paper developed by reeds in the Delta. |
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| Excessive amount of something |
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| A watering system for crops |
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| A language consisting of images used by Egyptians |
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| A type of government where people are in charge |
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| A government system that elects elders |
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| An open area for assembly |
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| A fortified hill with a temple to the local god |
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| Idea that people of same background should have their own nation |
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| A state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote. Representatives are directly chosen. |
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| A person of noble or high rank; aristocrat |
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| Belonging or pertaining to common people |
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| A person exercising absolute power. (unrestricted control) |
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| An assembly or council of citizens having highest deliberative functions in a government. |
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| An alliance between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus |
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| Cycle of Power for Roman emperors |
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| New emperor-abuse of power-murdered-civil war |
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| One of a people or community observing a polytheistic religion |
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| Any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe for the recovery of the Holy Land |
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| A fair objective and permissive attitude towards those whose opinions, practices, race, religion, etc |
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| A form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler |
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| The political, military, and social system in The Middle Ages bases on resulting relations between lord and vassal. |
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| Leader who created first system of rulers |
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| Built monuments, found old trade routes, and was a good leader. |
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| Unified upper and lower Egypt into a single, centralized monarchy |
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| Built the Parthenon and made Athens known for their arts and literature. Was the leader of the democrats for many years. |
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| Created a set of laws that made the Spartans better soldiers. ex: military school at the age of 7 |
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| United the Greek city states |
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| He founded Alexandria, overthrew the Persian Empire, made military innovations, Greek cultural diffusion, and ethnic diversity |
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| Formed the triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. Was a powerful military leader and conquered many lands. Formed 1st dictatorship. Changed Rome into an empire. |
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| He gave political and financial support to Caesar. Joined an alliance with Pompey and Caesar. |
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| Joined alliance with Caesar and Crassus. Married Caesar's daughter. Attempted to regroup and dethrown Caesar. Ended up being assassinated |
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| He ended the crisis of the Third Century and his administrative and military reforms gave Rome another 200 years of existence. |
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| He was the first of the Germanic Tribes invading Rome to accept Christianity. Also united all Frankish tribes and introduced Christianity |
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| Promoted unity within his conquered territories, promoted learning and the preservation of books. Crowned ruler by Pope |
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| He was the first emperor to convert to Christianity. Christianity than rose. Built a new Roman Empire based on religion |
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| Important because it changed people's lives by helping the population grow with the quality of food and better living conditions |
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| Important because once the Greeks defeated them, they became dominant and Hellenistic ideas, cultures, and philosophy was spread. |
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| Important because it was the turning point of the 2nd Persian War. "The beginning of the end" |
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| Because of this, Athens democratic system survived. Sparta did not benefit as much since its social structure wasn't suited for a world larger than the Peloponnese |
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| Campaigns and insurrections of more than 30 years over Charlemagne's attempts to conquer. Resulted into Frankish realm and conversion into Germanic Christianity |
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| A period of intellectual and cultural revival in Carolingian Empire. Many compositions created involving politics, economy, and religion |
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| Started with the murder of 3000 Christian Pilgrims. Was a response to Muslim conquests. Opened up international trade |
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| Started in response to the fall of Edessa. Muslims won, but peace treaties were created and crusader advances |
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| An attempt to recapture Jerusalem from Saladin. Jerusalem remained under Muslim control. Trade and pilgrimages allowed |
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| Crusaders sacked Constantinople. Latin Empire was created. Crusader states were thrown over |
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| The emperor Constantine decreed it to be a Christian Empire. Empire was so large it required two capitals |
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| Byzantines stopped the advance of Islam into Europe. Also authors of Justinian code and served as basis of most legal systems |
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| Holy city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Much of which was fought over. |
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| Built by Abraham. Considered to be a safe sanctuary. Used to pray and worship |
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| Center for trade. Land where Abraham walked and the Ka'aba is located |
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| Muhammad religious base was established here |
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| Largest cathedral built at the time and was converted into a mosque |
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| Translations between languages and its parts with the crusades. |
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| Important trade center making renaissance innovations by ocean travel possible |
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