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o 960 to 1279 rise ends unrest and internal strife of 10 kingdoms period
o Est capitol city at Kaifeng
o Expansion of civil exam system to include non-aristocrat applicants
o Social mobility and market-based economy
o 10th-11th centuries improve rice production -> doubles Chinese population
o Scientific and technological accomplishments |
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o 1044 features first formulas on manufacture of gunpowder
o Military featres use of fire lances for cavalry and floating bridges for crossing river
o Song army numbered over one million men |
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o 12th century attempt to combine Confucian philosophy with Buddhist/Taoist ideals
o End religious division and reconcile population w govt approved Confucian ideaology
o Argued that way and heaven were equal but that Confucian was superior to both
o Buddhist reincarnation, wheel of life rejected
o Individual harmony with nature rejected |
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o 11th century cult of Shia Islam
o Name derived from Arabic word for religious outcasts
o Cult is secretive organization for infiltration, espionage, contract murder
o Commanded by old man of the mountain centered in fortress of alamut
o Intimidated and terrorized Christians and muslims till 13th centuries
o Power broken by mongols and malmuks |
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o 1096 to 1099 knights arrive in holy land in service of byzantine empire
o Crusaders followed their own interests
o Short on supplies and lack central leadership
o Turks cant defeat knights in open battle
o Month long siege leads to crusaders storming Jerusalem and sack it. Civilians massacred.
o Five crusader states in holy land after, feudal system est and trade flourishes. |
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o Charged w defending holy land and protecting pilgrims
o Fearsome reputation for battlefield ferocity as well as hospitals and rest centers for pilgrims
o Orders become wealthy and powerful in Europe
o Expected to turn over wealth and property and take vow of poverty
o 1305 templar order destroyed by French. Many knights tortured and burned as heretics. |
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o 1189 to 1192 known as kings crusade and known for struggle between king Richard I of England and saladin
o Despite several battles and sieges neither commander can beat the other
o Eventually truce is reached
o Crusaders remain along coast but muslims retain Jerusalem |
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o 1138 to 1193born Turkish commander. Forcibly unifies moslem world and leads them against the crusaders.
o Lures crusader army into open desert and destroys them at battle of Hattin 1187
o Jerusalem surrenders to Saladin leading to call for third crusade |
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o 1202 to 1204 original intent to seize Egypt in preparation to an advance of Jerusalem
o Crusaders diverted by venetians to attack byzantine empire
o Christian crusaders sack and conquer Constantinople
o Pope excommunicates crusaders but city remains under latin control
o Constantinople later retaken by byzantines but weakened empire enters two century long decline |
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o 794 to …? Beings after court is moved from Nara to Kyoto
o Golden age of Japanese culture and literature
o Buddhism widely practiced
o 1156 hogen rebellion leads to rise of warrior class
o Heian literature
o 1192 Minamoto subdues barbarians
o Local power distributed through military allies
o When minamoto dies, under control of hojo clan |
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o 1160 son of tribal chieftan killed by tartar tribe
o Harsh childhood with brief period as captive
o Alliegances with local tribes est reputation for cruel terror and military prowess
o Ignored traditional tribal and clan loyalties in favor of permanent military organizations
o 1206 elected universal ruler of all mongols (Genghis Khan) |
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o 1237 overrun kingdoms of Georgia and Armenia invade and destroy kievan rus
o Confront and destroy polish army. Advance continues into hungary
o Advance halts upon word of death of ogedei khan and new election
o European and central Asian domains ruled by golden horde till 1500s |
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o 1260 kublai claims leadership and ends the united mongol empire
o Conquest of song dynasty, proclaims yuan dynasty
o Adopts Chinese govt and attire but retains mongols in control
o Capital at Beijing
o Marco polo gains favor with him |
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o Mongol rule declared by Kublai
o Adopts Chinese government and attire
o Capital established at Beijing
o Conquests of korea and indochine
o Attempts two invasions of japan
o Authorize extensive program of road and canal construction |
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o 1271 arrives in china with his dad in the hopes of acquiring trade goods
o Gains favor of Kublai khan is used as an emissary to ribet, khmer and Vietnam
o 1296 returns to venice. Briefly imprisoned by doge
o Publishes travels and observations that provides first insight in2 life in Asia |
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o One who serves. Warriors accepted by Daimyo
o Originally specialists in mounted archery
o Become infantry by mongol invasions
o Only ones allowed to carry swords
o Gain authority later
o Traditional pay was one koku and rice
o Often would be granted land in lieu of rice
o Fought with a katana
o Enemies were the ronin who were not bound in service |
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o Sect introduced in japan around 8th century
o Emphasis on meditation and individual experience over subordination to learned doctrine and instruction
o Popular amongst samurai for austerity and search for clarity |
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o 1584 to 1645
o Supposedly won 60 duels from age 13
o Mastered |
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o 1543 to 1616 son of daimyo served Nobunaga allied with Hideyoshi
o Named one of 5 regents to watch over Hideyoshi’s son
o Power struggle ensues after Hideyoshi’s death
o Builds alliance with other east daimyo. Secures support of child shogun
o Oct 21 1600 battle of sekigahara ends in Tokugawa victory
o 1603 finally named Shogun. Clan remains in power till 1868 |
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o 1386 to 1644 replaced yuan dynasty. Ruled by native han.
o Founded by peasant Buddhist monk zhu yuanzhang who led rebel red turban movement
o 1368 capital of dadu falls to zhu forces
o Zhu declares ming brilliant dynasty and takes name of emperor. Martial.
o Self-sufficiency, encouraged peasant ownership of land
o Separation of urban and rural populations and decreed uniform codes |
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o 1402 moves imperial court from Nanjing to Beijing northern capitol order construction of forbidden city as imperial palace
o Interested in expanding Chinese influence worldwide.
o Orders construction of massive treasure ships and appoints Zhang He commander |
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o 1371 to 1435 mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral
o Persian by birth, practiced islam. Captured in battle
o Castrated and employed as eunuch
o Gains trust of the prince, the future yongle emperor and remains loyal servant
o 1405 selected by yongle emperor to undertake voyages of exploration and diplomacy
o Undertakes 7 voyages btwn 1405 and 1433 |
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o Primary ships of Zhang He’s voyages
o 416 ft long by 170 ft beam with displacement between 7500 and 10,000 tons
o Features include centerpost rudder, nine masts, and watertight compartments
o Largest wooden ships ever built
o Huge crews with soldiers, artists, diplomats, physicians, and engineers |
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o 1309 to 1378 clement 5 moves papacy from rome to france
o Forms political alliance with French king
o Conspire to declare the Templars heretics
o Members are arrested, tried and burned to death
o Property confiscated by crown on Friday 13th
o Moves papacy back to rome. Both popes declare the other the anti-pope and excommunicate
o Schism lasts until 1417. Council of constance declares martin 5 pope
o Schism means increasing secularism and political influence on church affairs
o Undermines confidence of the Catholic Church |
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o 1337 to 1389 English King Edward 3 asserts claim during turmoil in france
o Battle of Cressy
o Seen as beginning of end of medieval warfare
o French defeat at Battle of Poltiers, king john 2 taken prisoner
o Treaty of Bretigny ends war temporarily with Britain controlling half of France
o France resurges and recaptures some territory before truce is declared |
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o 26 Aug 1346 English win crushing victory over the French
o Battle seen as the beginning of the end of Medieval warfare |
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o 1348 to 1350 name given to series of plagues spreading through w and south Europe
o Originates in asia, spreads via trade routes to Italy and france
o Most common form: bubonic plague
o 45 to 50 percent of europes population perishes
o Death toll worldwide is 75 to 200 million
o Attempts to wipe out cats, jews, witches
o Church discredited, local cults of self-flagellants
o Trade collapses, towns gain new importance
o Decimation of peasant class
o Occur until late 18th century |
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o 1415 claim on French throne invades country
o Catastrophic defeat on French at battle of Agincourt
o 1420 recognized as heir to French throne but dies 1422 |
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o Originally developed in wales adopted for use by king Edward 1
o Made of yew wood typical bow was 6ft tall and require 100-185 lbs of force to use
o Shooting the longbow became the only legal sport allowed on Sundays |
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o Henry V inflicts catastrophic defeat of the French
o 25 Oct 1415 |
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o 1428 inspires French to victory at Orleans and shifts war back in French favor
o Later captured and executed by the english |
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| • Siege of Constantinople |
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(1453)
o By early 15th century byzantine empire is limited to Constantinople and colonies overseas
o 1451 turkish sultan begins prep to besiege city
o Appeal by constantine for help from the west meets with indifference
o 1453 turkish city of 200,000 launches first attacks on city defenders
o Triple walls of city prove vulnerable to Turkish canon
o May 29th 1453 city falls to Turks and is subjected to sack
o Fall of city and trade routes prompts western Europe to seek ocean route to asia |
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o 14-15th century late 13th century philosophic movement sought to separate humans from religious dogma
o Began among city states north Italy
o Sought to incorporate greek classic into medieval society without filter
o Favored epicurean philosophy
o At odds with Christian church but a lot of church leaders were humanists
o Emphasis on development, not technique |
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o 1304 to 1374
o One time priest specialized in collecting ancient latin manuscripts
o Credited with coining term dark ages
o 1327 chance encounter in church courtyard inspires Petrarch to begin writing poems to Laura who he sees once
o Poems and sexual stuff |
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o 1398 to 1468 goldsmith and tradesman
o Movable type system of printing using moveable components to reproduce documents.
o Developed using metal typoe faces
o Produces first printed bibles.
o Printing tech spreads greatly increasing spread of information and knowledge.
o Renaissance and reformation |
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o 1320 to 1384 preacher and church critic. Founded lollard and anti-cleric movement
o Most famous for translating latin vulgate into English
o Condemned by church for supporting royal authority over papal
o Declared heretic after death remains ordered exhumed, convicted and burned. |
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o Cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement centered around ideas of ancient Greece and rome
o Spans 14th-17th centuries. Began in Florence, Italy spread throughout Europe
o Emphasis on humanistic perceptions and observation
o At odds with Christian traditions and dogma. Many church leaders patrons of renaissance artista and writers
o Inspiring later scientific revolution and enlightenment
o Bridges medieval and modern Europe |
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| • Michelangelo Buonarroti |
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o 1475 to 1564 born in Tuscany patronized by Medici family
o Specialized in sculptures like Pieta and David
o Also painted frescoes of Sistine chapel, designed dome of St Peters Basilica |
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o 1452 to 1519 born illegitimate, last name comes from birthplace
o Curious. Became famous as painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist, inventor, musician, writer, more
o Model renaissance man
o Fascinated with human anatomy, illustrate human muscles and function
o Credited with conceiving airplanes, helicopters and tanks |
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o 1728 to 1779 seamanship and navigation. Promoted from warrant rank to commissioned officer
o First voyage: east Australia, new Zealand, great barrier reef
o Second voyage: Antarctica, visits various Polynesian islands. Respectful relations with natives.
o Last voyage: Hawaii. Regarded as incarnation of god Lono. Cook leaves islands, but must return when his ship is damaged.
o Relations with natives tense and strained.
o Tries to seize local chief for a stolen boat and is killed. |
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o 14th century certificate confirming full or partial remission of sins
o Sold in order to raise funds (St Peters Basilica) from peasantry and working class
o Increasingly greater promises applied to encourage sale
o Sale became source of scandal and criticism |
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o 1483 to 1564 born into middle class. Didn’t want to be a lawyer, became a priest
o Criticizes church for opulence, indulgences and involvement in secular politics
o Oct. 31 1517 nails list of 95 theses to church door and distributes to populace
o Summoned to be judged by emperor. Luther refuses to recant and is condemned as heretic
o While in hiding, produces german version of Bible and organizes new church
o Gains support from german provinces |
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o 16th century final schism of christianity into catholics and protestants
o Generally begins with Martin Luther
o Other factors are investiture, western schism, plague, renaissasnce, invention of printing press
o Split falls on cultural and geographic lines
o North is protestant while south remains catholic
o New religions decentralized and subject to secular rule
o Fundamental shift in European identity
o Ends middle ages |
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| • On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres |
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o 1543 Copernicus begins the period of new discoveries in physics, astronomy, biology, chemistry and medicine
o Transformed ancient and medieval science
o Replaces traditional assumption of universal truths with scientific method and theory, experimentation observation |
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| • Three Laws of Planetary Motion |
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o Johannes Kepler 1571 to 1630
o Every planet is an eppiptical orbit
o Planet moved through its orbit faster the closer it is to the sun and slower further away
o Distance of a planet in orbit is proportional to the square of its distance from the sun |
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