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What? Capital & cultural center of Bosnia & Herzegovina.
When? 1914
Where? It lies in the narrow valley of the Miljacka River at the foot of Mount Trebević.
Significance? The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria-Este, (Dec. 18, 1863—June 28, 1914), whose assassination was the immediate cause of World War I. |
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What? / Where? Treaty of peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied & Associated Powers & by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919.
When? It takes force on January 10, 1920.
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What? An organization for international cooperation established at the initiative of the victorious Allied Powers at the end of World War I.
When? 1920s
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| Virginia Woolf- original name in full Adeline Virginia Stephen |
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Who? English writer whose novels, through their nonlinear approaches to narrative, exerted a major influence on the genre
When? (January 25, 1882— March 28, 1941)
Where? England
Significance? While she is best known for her novels, especially Mrs. Dalloway (1925) & To the Lighthouse (1927), Woolf also wrote pioneering essays on artistic theory, literary history, women’s writing, & the politics of power. A fine stylist, she experimented with several forms of biographical writing, composed painterly short fictions, & sent to her friends & family a lifetime of brilliant letters. |
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Who? Polish-born French physicist, famous for her work on radioactivity & twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With Henri Becquerel & her husband, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
When? (Nov. 7, 1867—July 4, 1934)
Where? France
Significance? She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, & she is the only woman to win the award in two different fields. |
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What? any of the various philosophies that have in common an interpretation of human existence in the world that stresses its concreteness & its problematic character.
When?about 1930
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Who? Informal group of writers that included C.S. Lewis & J.R.R. Tolkien
When?in the 1930s & ’40s.
Where?Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
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| Vladimir Lenin- original name Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov |
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Who? Founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), inspirer and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and the architect, builder, and first head (1917–24) of the Soviet state.
When? (April 22, 1870—January 21, 1924)
Where? Russia
Significance? He was the founder of the organization known as Comintern (Communist International) and the posthumous source of “Leninism,” the doctrine codified and conjoined with Marx’s works by Lenin’s successors to form Marxism-Leninism, which became the Communist worldview. |
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Who? (Russian: “One of the Majority”) , member of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, which, led by Lenin, seized control of the government in Russia (October 1917) & became the dominant political power.
When? 1903 – 19..
Where? Russia
Significance? They assumed the name Bolsheviks & dubbed their opponents the Mensheviks (“Those of the Minority”). |
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Who?
When? (December 18 [December 6, Old Style], 1879—March 5, 1953)
Where? Russia
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What? Political ideology and mass movement that dominated many parts of central, southern, and Eastern Europe and that also had adherents in Western Europe, the United States, South Africa, Japan, Latin America, and the Middle East.
When? 1919- 1945
Where? Europe
Significance? Europe’s first fascist leader, Benito Mussolini, took the name of his party from the Latin word fasces, which referred to a bundle of elm or birch rods (usually containing an ax) used as a symbol of penal authority in ancient Rome. Although fascist parties and movements differed significantly from each other, they had many characteristics in common, including extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft (German: “people’s community”), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation. At the end of World War II, the major European fascist parties were broken up, and in some countries (such as Italy and West Germany) they were officially banned. Beginning in the late 1940s, however, many fascist-oriented parties and movements were founded in Europe as well as in Latin America and South Africa. Although some European “neofascist” groups attracted large followings, especially in Italy and France, none were as influential as the major fascist parties of the interwar period. |
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What? byname of National Socialist German Workers’ Party, (NSDAP), Hitler, Adolf party of the mass movement known as National Socialism. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, the party came to power in Germany in 1933 and governed by totalitarian methods until 1945.
When? It was founded as the German Workers’ Party by Anton Drexler, a Munich locksmith, in 1919.
Where? Germany
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| Holocaust- Hebrew Shoʾah, Yiddish and Hebrew Ḥurban (Destruction) |
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What? the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Germans called this “the final solution to the Jewish question.” The word Holocaust is derived from the Greek holokauston, a translation of the Hebrew word ʿolah, meaning a burnt sacrifice offered whole to God. This word was chosen because in the ultimate manifestation of the Nazi killing program—the extermination camps—the bodies of the victims were consumed whole in crematoria and open fires.
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| Winston Churchill- (aka. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill) |
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Who? British statesman, orator, and author who as prime minister (1940–45, 1951–55) rallied the British people during World War II and led his country from the brink of defeat to victory.
When? (Nov. 30, 1874—Jan. 24, 1965)
Where? England
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| NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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What? military alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) of April 4, 1949, which sought to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after World War II. Its original members were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Joining the original signatories were Greece and Turkey (1952); West Germany (1955; from 1990 as Germany); Spain (1982); the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland (1999); Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (2004); and Albania and Croatia (2009). France withdrew from the integrated military command of NATO in 1966 but remained a member of the organization; it resumed its position in NATO’s military command in 2009.
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Significance? Create to stand against the Soviet Union if the time comes. |
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| Warsaw Pact- formally Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, & Mutual Assistance |
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What?
When? (May 14, 1955–July 1, 1991)
Where?
Significance? treaty establishing a mutual-defense organization (Warsaw Treaty Organization) composed originally of the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (Albania withdrew in 1968, and East Germany did so in 1990.) The treaty (which was renewed on April 26, 1985) provided for a unified military command and for the maintenance of Soviet military units on the territories of the other participating states. |
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What? barrier that surrounded West Berlin and prevented access to it from East Berlin and adjacent areas of East Germany.
When? 1961 to 1989.
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| Che Guevara- byname of Ernesto Guevara de la Serna |
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Who? theoretician and tactician of guerrilla warfare, prominent communist figure in the Cuban Revolution (1956–59), and guerrilla leader in South America.
When? (June 14, 1928—October 9, 1967)
Where? Brazil
Significance? After his execution by the Bolivian army, he was regarded as a martyred hero by generations of leftists worldwide, and his image became an icon of leftist radicalism and anti-imperialism. |
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| Fidel Castro- Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz |
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Who? political leader of Cuba (1959–2008) who transformed his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere.
When? (Born August 13, 1926)
Where? Brazil
Significance? Castro became a symbol of communist revolution in Latin America. He held the title of premier until 1976 and then began a long tenure as president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers. He handed over provisional power in July 2006 because of health problems and formally relinquished the presidency in February 2008. |
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| Mohandas Gandhi- byname Mahatma Gandhi |
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Who? Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India.
When? (Oct. 2, 1869— Jan. 30, 1948)
Where? India
Significance? He came to be considered the father of his country. Gandhi is internationally esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protest (satyagraha) to achieve political and social progress. |
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| Indira Gandhi- in full Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi, née Nehru |
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Who? politician who served as prime minister of India for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term from 1980 until she was assassinated in 1984.
When? (Nov. 19, 1917— Oct. 31, 1984)
Where?
Significance? Green Revolution |
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Who? Ghanaian nationalist leader who led the Gold Coast’s drive for independence from Britain and presided over its emergence as the new nation of Ghana.
When? (Sept. 1909— April 27, 1972)
Where?
Significance? He headed the country from independence in 1957 until he was overthrown by a coup in 1966. Pan-African Movement |
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