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| was Muhammad's father-in-law, one of his Sahaba (companions) and the first Muslim ruler after Muhammad's death. |
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| Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near acient Persian capital of Ctesiphon |
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| Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converters to Islam |
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| Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; sigifigantly reduced the population; effected social structure |
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| Clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distrubuted land and provided labor and warriors |
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| Royal house of Franks after 8th century |
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| Charles the Great; Caroligians monarch who establushed substantial empire in France and Germany |
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| was a Frankish military and political leader, who served as Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingian kings and ruled de facto during an interregnum (737–43) at the end of his life, using the title Duke and Prince of the Franks. In 739 he was offered the title of Consul by the Pope, but he refused.[6] He is remembered for winning the Battle of Tours in 732, in which he defeated an invading Muslim army and halted northward Islamic expansion in western Europe. |
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| Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to creat "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by aztecs |
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| Early Frankish King; converted franks to Chiristanity 496; allowed establishment of Frankish Kingdoms |
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| means "people of the book"; applied as inclusive tterm to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrains and even Hindus |
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| Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design |
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| Tang Ruler 690-705 in china; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate buddhism to state religion; had multistory staues of Buddha created |
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| The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj |
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| Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency |
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| practice in chinese society to mutilate women;s feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and retriced women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household |
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| was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists |
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| One of the four subdivisons of the Moongol empire after chinggis khan death, orginally ruled by his grandson batu; territory covered much of what today is russia |
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| An architectural style developed during the middle ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls |
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| ruined city that was once the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, which existed from 1100 to 1450 AD during the country’s Late Iron Age |
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| sworn associations of people in the same business or creaft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guranteed good workmanship; often establushed franchise within cities |
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| new church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian |
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| A muslim pigrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba |
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| An organization of cities in northern germany and southern scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance |
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| Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the african coast in the 15th centuryl marked beginning of western european expansion |
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| Emperors in northern italy and germany following the split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c 10th century; failed to develop centerilized monarchy in germany |
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| struggle;often used for wars in defense of faith |
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| Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula |
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| Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate |
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| Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; One of the suthors of Arthasastra, believed in scientific application of warfare |
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| Also know as Duke of Tang;minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Tangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu |
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| Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claimsl represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy |
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| Ststem that decrubed economic and political relations between landlords and their peasnts laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a heiearchy of reciprocal obligations that exhanged labor or rents for access to land |
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| City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; sire of Ka'ba; orginal home of Muhammand; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam |
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| Also known as Yathrib; towwn located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit sold bedouins; became refuge for Muhammand following flight from Mecca |
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| Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distingused scholars |
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| Labor extracted for lands assigned to the sate and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control |
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| Phrophet of Islam born 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father;s family; recieved revelations from Allah in 610 and thereafter died in 632 |
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| revied acient confucian teachins in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followedl their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foregin system made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receotive to outside ideas and influences |
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| special merchant class in aztec society; specialized in long distance trade in luxury items |
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| was Pope from 12 March 1088 until his death. He is most known for starting the First Crusade (1095–1099) and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church. |
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| is a Mesoamerican deity whose name comes from the Nahuatl language and has the meaning of "feathered-serpent" |
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| were recording devices used in the Inca Empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region. |
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| is the main religious text of Islam. It is widely regarded as the greatest piece of literature in the Arabic language. |
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| is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims refrain from eating, drinking and sexual relations from dawn until sunset. |
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| the philosophical systems and speculative tendencies of various medieval Christian thinkers, who, working against a background of fixed religious dogma, sought to solve anew general philosophical problems, initially under the influence of the mystical and intuitional tradition of patristic philosophy, and especially Augustinianism, and later under that of Aristotle. |
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| is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "elder". It is commonly used to designate an elder of a tribe, a revered wise man, or an Islamic scholar. |
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| the second largest denomination of Islam, after Sunni Islam. The followers of Shia Islam are called Shiʻas but the terms Shiites or Shiʻites are common Anglicisations."the followers of Ali" |
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| refers to the period after the Song lost control of northern China to the Jin Dynasty. During this time, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze River and established their capital at Lin'an |
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| was the process in which a ruler's chosen successor obtained all political power and rights, while the ruler's other male descendants received all the monetary treasures. |
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| the Sunni branch accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad and accepts hadiths narrated by the companions. |
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| built for administrative and military purposes. Found along Incan roads, tambos typically carried supplies, served as lodging for itinerant state personnel, and were depositories of quipu-based accounting records. |
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| largest building in Teotihuacán and one of the largest in Mesoamerica; the pyramid is part of a large complex in the heart of the city. |
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| was a Nahua altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico |
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| a system of crop rotation that was in operation in western Europe by the 9th century. One-third of land was left fallow, one-third planted in spring grains, and one-third in the season's crops such as barley and vegetables. |
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| Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing strggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula |
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| Word for inca empire; region from present day colombia to chile and eastward to northern argentina |
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| community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity |
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| was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India |
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| members of the militart elity who received land or a benefice from a deudal lord in reture for militart service and loyality |
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| cheif administrattive offical under the abbasid caliphate; intially recruited from Persian provinces of empire |
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| member of prminent northrn chines family during period of six dynasty; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern china; sui dynasty |
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| later changed to Li Yan just before his death, was an emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China, reigning from 840 to 846. Emperor Wuzong is mainly known in modern times for the religious persecution that occurred during his reign. |
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| 90 to 705, was the seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty in China, reigning from 712 to 756; was credited with bringing Tang China to a pinnacle of culture and power. |
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| refers to a mode or method of spiritual practice in Buddhism, and in particular to divisions of various schools of Buddhism according to their type of practice. |
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| was the second son of Emperor Wen of Sui, and the second emperor of China's Sui Dynasty; resurercted Great Wall |
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| one of the Five Pillars of Islam, is the giving of a small percentage of one's possessions to charity |
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| is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism;Zen emphasizes experiential prajñā in the attainment of enlightenment |
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| was the founder of the Song Dynasty of China, reigning from 960 to 976. |
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| was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 - 785 |
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| member of the minamoto family; overthrew the kamakura regime and established the AShikaga Shohunate from 133601573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Toshino |
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| Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut in 1260;orginally enslaved by mongols and sold to egyptians |
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| regional warriors in japan;ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; admiunistered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies |
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| ere a Shī‘ah Persian[2][3][4][5][6] dynasty that originated from Daylaman in Gilan. They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries. |
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| Eariliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 |
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| a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Roman Catholic Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. |
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| was an incendiary weapon used by the Byzantine Empire |
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| Islamic scholar and traveller who is known for the account of his travels and excursions called the Rihla |
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| muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between hinduism and islam |
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| Capital of the mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan |
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| title of the supreme ruler of the mongol tribes |
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| four regional mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan |
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| Infianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong TRiver delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south |
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| Kingdom based on agriculture, formed on lower congo riiver by 15th centure; capital at MBanza Kongo; ruled by herediatary monarchy |
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| protuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the malayn peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian Island |
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| was a soldier of slave origin Turkish warriors |
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| celerbrated hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women |
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| as a massive empire during the 13th and 14th centuries; Genghis Khan |
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| extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid 16th century |
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| as an Umayyad general who, at the age of 17, began the conquest of the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus Riveror the Umayyad Caliphate. He was born in the city of Taif . Qasim's conquest of Sindh and Punjab laid the foundations of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent. |
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| Third son of Chinggis Jhanl succeded; Chinggis Jhan as khagan of the mongol following his death |
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| cultural and politial movement in western Europe. began in Italy 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorties thank those of the Middle ages |
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| He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, and Yemen. |
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| mounted troops of japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not emperor |
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| ritual suicide or disembowelment in japan; commonly know to the west hara-kiri- demonstrated courage and means to restore family honor |
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| islamic law; defined among other things the partrilineal nature of islamic inheritance |
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| military leaders of the bakufu |
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| was a powerful ancient Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, modern day Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia |
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| independent korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninisulta;defeated Koguryo along with their chinese Tang allies; submitted a cassal if the tang emperor and agreed to tribute paymentl ruled united korea |
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| its adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. |
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| was the founder of the Mali Empire and celebrated as a hero of the Malinke people |
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| way stations used by incas as inns and storehouse; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messagess |
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| Mongols; captured Russians cities and largelt destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left russian ortyodoxy and aristocracy intact |
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| Mongol capital of Yuan fynasty' present day beijing |
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| leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1460s from base at samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russeia. empire disinte-grated after his death in 1405 |
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| refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies. |
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| secert religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty inchina; typical of peasant resistance of Mongol rule |
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| dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 |
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| Christain dect of egypt; tended to support Islamic invastions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule |
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| Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of region from Guzo to the shores of Lake Titicaca |
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| attempt to remake japanese monarch into an absolute chinese-style emperor; included attemptys to create professional bureaccracy and peasant conscript army |
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| an intellectual and spiritual capital and centre for the propagation of Islam throughout Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries. |
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