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| 8 characteristics of culture |
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| Conflict, environment, social organization, technology, modes of expression, values/religion, politics/law, and economic organization |
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| The spread of a people's way of life to other areas |
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| To judge another culture based on one's own (thinking your culture is best) |
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| People who move from place to place |
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| A method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grass, the ashes of which fertilize crops |
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| Area between Tigris and Euphrates |
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| The bringing of water to crop fields by means of canals and ditches |
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| Five Traits of Civilization |
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| Growth of cities, specialized workers, record keeping, advanced technology, and complex institutions |
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| Hammurabi, Hammurabi's Code |
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| Purple dye, writing system from which the alphabet stemmed |
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| The Sumerian way of writing |
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| Extremely aggressive, with a well-trained army |
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| Tolerant and wise government system, kings Cyrus and Darius, standard coinage and the "Royal Road System" |
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| United Upper and Lower Egypt, made Memphis the capital, built mastaba pyramids |
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| Immortal pharaohs only, lots of pyramid building, ended with first illness |
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| Trade flourished, ordinary people in addition to pharaohs were expected to live forever |
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| Less-civilized people that took over Egypt, brought chariot warfare, bronze, and new spinning and weaving techniques |
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| Most powerful and wealthy kingdom, Egypt became a nation of conquerors |
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| Built the first true pyramid |
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| Built series of superforts to protect against Nubia |
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| First female ruler of Egypt (but "changed gender"), tomb was a temple, built obelisks |
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| Moved the capital of Egypt, changed order of gods and made Egypt monotheistic |
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| Attacked Hittites, then made a treaty with them |
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