1. society which relies on sedentary agriculture and ability to produce food surpluses

2. nonfarming elites, merchant and manufacturing groups

1. people who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants

2. hunters and gatherers

1.the change (transition) from food gathering to food production

2. that occured between ca. 8000 BCE and 2000 BCE

1. the largest and most important city in Mesopotamia

2. Particularly important under Hammurabi's rule in the 18th century BCE

1. people who dominated Mesopotamia in 3rd millenium BCE.

2. created first civilization in the region, irrigation technology, cunieform, organized area into city-states.

1. ancient nomadic herders who spoke semitic languages

2. i.e. Akkadians, Arramaics, Hebrew, and Phoeneician

1. a small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory

2. urban center provided military protecting and the agricultural territory delivered food supplies

1. ruler of Babylon in the 18th century BCE 

2. best known for a code of law inscribed on a black pillar

1. in the government of many ancient societies

2. a professional position reserved for men

3. who had gone through lengthy training required to be able to read and write

1. a massive pyrimidal tower

2. made of mud bricks

3. in religious complexes of mesopotamia

1. a system of writing in which symbols represented words or syllables written on clay tablets

2. originated in mesopotamia ca. 3000 BCE

1. title of kings in ancient Egypt

2. was believed to be a manifestation (evident) of the gods

3. with the absolute power to mantain the safety and prosperity of Egypt

1. reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River

2. is used to make a paper-like material used for writing in Egypt