Term
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Definition
o President Woodrow Wilson's plan for a just world based on the Allies' aims to end World War I.
o Six contained general plans; remaining points dealt with specific countries and regions (Russia, Belgium, Alsace-Lorraine, Balkans, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Alliance that included Great Britain, France, Russia (later, the Soviet Union), the United States, and other countries during World Wars I and II. |
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Term
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Definition
| o State of unrest in the Balkans that allowed the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and led to World War I. |
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Term
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Definition
• Longest battle in WWI
• Germany vs. France, Germany assumed France would be easily defeated
• Gen. Philippe Pétain was in charge of defense, but replaced
• Many lives lost, so not really a victory
• Germany withdrew |
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Term
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Definition
• Started due to casualties/cost of Verdun
• Lead by Sir Douglas Haig
• Four months of fighting before Britain withdrew
• No real tactical gain |
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Term
| Battle of the Marne (First) |
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Definition
• Sep. 1914 = German troops had reached Marne River (near Paris) vs. British/French armies; Paris was saved
• France’s success changed nature; Germany’s hope of a quick victory ended → trenches lined the western front |
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Term
| Battle of the Marne (second) |
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Definition
• Germans reached Marne (37 miles from Paris) vs. Americans
• Allied force under French marshal Ferdinand Foch stopped Germans at Château Thierry → Allies began counterattack
• Major offensives forced Germans back towards their own border; Bulgaria and Turkey surrendered, Hapsburg empire broke up = Austria and Hungary stopped fighting and formed separate govts |
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Term
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Definition
• Russia lacked guns/ammunition → 1915: Britain/France tried to change situation; tried to force their way through Dardenelles to capture Constantinople to remove Ottoman Empire from the war (would be able to get supplies to the Russians)
• Sent heavily armed battle to bombard Ottoman artillery on Gallipoli Peninsula → bombardment failed to destroy the enemy positions, troops were sent in
o Were able to gain only a shallow foothold inland
o Heavy resistance from the Turks = stalemate
o 8 months: the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives → Allies withdrew
o Failed due to mismanagement and bad timing |
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Term
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Definition
| o World War I alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. Lost the war |
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Term
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Definition
| o Truce between soldiers on Christmas day |
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Term
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Definition
o Leader of Russia during WWI
o Corrupt, inefficient
o Him and his family were killed during the Russian Revolution by Bolsheviks
o Last of the Romanovs |
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Term
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Definition
o Prime minister of GB
o He said he would ‘make Germany pay’ – because he knew that was what the British people wanted to hear.
o He wanted ‘justice’, but he did not want revenge. He said that the peace must not be harsh – that would just cause another war in a few years time. He tried to get a ‘halfway point’ – a compromise between Wilson and Clemenceau.
o He ALSO wanted to expand the British Empire, maintain British control of the seas, and increase Britain's trade |
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Term
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Definition
o Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne
o Shot in Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia/Herzegovina) by Gravrilo Princip
o Death = spark of the Balkan powder keg |
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Term
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Definition
o Premier of France
o He was the Prime Minister of France.
o He wanted revenge, and to punish the Germans for what they had done.
o He wanted to make Germany pay for the damage done during the war.
o He also wanted to weaken Germany, so France would never be invaded again |
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Term
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Definition
o Member of Serbian nationalist group
o Shot Franz Ferdinand |
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Term
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Definition
o A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force (colonies, overseas land)
o Many imperialist countries had already come close to war in Africa, Asia, other parts (b/c of power struggle) |
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Term
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Definition
| o The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster. |
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Term
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Definition
o Woodrow Wilson’s idea to keep peace
o During PPC, Allies considered setting up League of Nations, its practicality was doubted |
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Term
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Definition
o May 1915: German submarine sank Lusitania (British passenger ship) off coast of Ireland; carrying war materials + passengers
• 1,200 people were killed (128 Americans)
• Woodrow Wilson denounced the attack; warned Germany the US would not tolerate another such incident → cut back sub attacks
• May 1916: naval battle at the Battle of Jutland in North Sea off Denmark coast
• Both Germany and Britain claimed victory → German navy remained in port for the rest of the war |
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Term
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Definition
| o Glorification of armed strength. |
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Term
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Definition
o A feeling of superiority of one’s country over others
o Various ethnic groups tried to gain more political unity – explosive b/c several nationalities were often ruled by a single regime |
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Term
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Definition
o Ideas, facts, or rumors spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause.
o Central = set up agencies whose only purpose was to control news about the war
o Allies = newspapers/popular magazines showed enemy as brutal/subhuman; praised their own countries |
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Term
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Definition
o War payments
o Allies wanted Germany to bear cost |
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Term
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Definition
o Germany planned to defeat France rapidly and then turn to the eastern front for a major offensive on Russia. This was the basis for the Schlieffen Plan
o Tried to prevent war on both fronts
o Failed |
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Term
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Definition
o Late 1915: the war in the west had become a land/sea stalemate
o Began to wonder whether they could ever break throughout the other’s line of trenches
o Small areas of land changed hands
o Broken by US involvement |
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Term
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Definition
o US: President Woodrow Wilson
o GB: Prime Minister David Lloyd George
o France: Pemier Georges Clemenceau
o Italy: Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando |
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Term
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Definition
| o In which all nations turn their resources to the war effort |
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Term
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Definition
o Allowed Germans to pull troops from the eastern front; could concentrate on a huge offensive on the western front in the spring and summer of 1918 → last attempt to break through Allied lines, capture Paris
• Allied forces held out for US |
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Term
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Definition
o Treaty drafted at Paris Peace Conference
• Treaty dealt harshly w/Germany, did not follow 14 Points
• Made Germany admit that it was guilty of starting the war and must alone pay reparations
• Carved large chunks of territory from Germany, placed many restrictions of German govt. |
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Term
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Definition
| o A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Austria-Hungary + Germany + Italy |
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Term
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Definition
| Britain + France + Russia + secret alliance w/Italy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
o Leader of Bolsheviks and eventually Russia
o A revolutionary Marxist socialist; demanded that all governing power be turned over to soviets |
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Term
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Definition
| o The German republic of 1919–33, so called because its constitution was drawn up at Weimar. The republic was faced with huge reparation costs deriving from the Treaty of Versailles as well as soaring inflation and high unemployment. The 1920s saw a growth in support for right-wing groups, and the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler eventually overthrew the Republic. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Trenches lined the western front (Switzerland to English Channel and North Sea) |
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Term
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Definition
o President of the US
o He was a History professor. He wanted to make the world safe. He wanted to end war by making a fair peace.
o In 1918, Wilson published ‘Fourteen Points’ saying what he wanted.
o He said that he wanted disarmament, and a League of Nations (where countries could talk out their problems, without war).
o He also promised self-determination for the peoples of Eastern Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
o Involved high official in German foreign ministry, Arthur Zimmerman
• Secret telegram to German ambassador in Mexico proposing an alliance between Germany & Mexico; offered to help Mexico regain Arizona/New Mexico/Texas if it would fight on Germany’s side
• Intercepted by British and published in American newspapers |
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Term
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Definition
| o 1905 in St. Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed, peaceful demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were gunned down by the Imperial Guard while approaching the city center and the Winter Palace from several gathering points. The shooting did not occur in the Palace Square. |
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Term
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Definition
o types of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise.
o The govt. tried to persuade peasants to form collective farms, where land was pooled into large farms on which people worked together as a group, shared farm machinery |
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Term
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Definition
| o Political, social movement started by Mao Zedong, Red Guard-students, through the People’s Liberation Army. Its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society |
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Term
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Definition
| o Group of artists who used random images to reflect what they considered the insanity of war. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Surrealist painter, painted The Persistence of Memory |
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Term
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Definition
o Stalin’s plan for economic growth
• Set ambitious agricultural, industrial, and social goods for the next five years
• Wanted to double production of oil and coal, and triple the output of steel
• Intended FYP to turn USSR into modern, industrialized society = hoped that collective farms would product enough food as well as surplus for export → buy modern machinery → advance growth
• Caused hardships, forced to join collective farms → 90% of farmland became collective farms, but decreased agricultural production and many died
• Soviet economy grew = steel production
• Second Five Year Plan = even broader, even worse, production decreased as govt. focused on military production etc. |
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Term
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Definition
o Francisco Franco was the leader of Falangists/Nationalists (aka the Fascists) vs. Loyalists
• Falange: northern Spain
• Franco became fascist dictator
• End to free elections, etc |
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Term
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Definition
o Indian leader who believed in peaceful protests and nonviolence
o Major factor in Indian independence
o Mohandas Gandhi was leader of Indian nationalist mvmnt.
• Spiritual, political leader
• Passive resistance
• Opposed violence
• Boycotting British goods, refusing to pay taxes |
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Term
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Definition
| o It was the pursuit of the Communist Party from the Nationalist Party in China. Helped Mao claim leadership among Communist China (prestige among his escaping followers). |
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Term
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Definition
o Referred to the generation of young men and women who were physically and psychologically damaged during the war
o Lead to a hopeless, bleak attitude |
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Term
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Definition
| o 1905 in St. Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed, peaceful demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were gunned down by the Imperial Guard while approaching the city center and the Winter Palace from several gathering points. The shooting did not occur in the Palace Square. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Radical Russian Communist group led by Vladimir Lenin |
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Term
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Definition
• Collective Farms
o types of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise.
o The govt. tried to persuade peasants to form collective farms, where land was pooled into large farms on which people worked together as a group, shared farm machinery |
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Term
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Definition
| o Political, social movement started by Mao Zedong, Red Guard-students, through the People’s Liberation Army. Its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Group of artists who used random images to reflect what they considered the insanity of war. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Surrealist painter, painted The Persistence of Memory |
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Term
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Definition
| o Surrealist painter, painted The Persistence of Memory |
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Term
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Definition
o Stalin’s plan for economic growth
• Set ambitious agricultural, industrial, and social goods for the next five years
• Wanted to double production of oil and coal, and triple the output of steel
• Intended FYP to turn USSR into modern, industrialized society = hoped that collective farms would product enough food as well as surplus for export → buy modern machinery → advance growth
• Caused hardships, forced to join collective farms → 90% of farmland became collective farms, but decreased agricultural production and many died
• Soviet economy grew = steel production
• Second Five Year Plan = even broader, even worse, production decreased as govt. focused on military production etc. |
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Term
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Definition
o Francisco Franco was the leader of Falangists/Nationalists vs. Loyalists
• Falange: northern Spain
• Franco became fascist dictator
• End to free elections, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
o Indian leader who believed in peaceful protests and nonviolence
o Major factor in Indian independence
o Mohandas Gandhi was leader of Indian nationalist mvmnt.
• Spiritual, political leader
• Passive resistance
• Opposed violence
• Boycotting British goods, refusing to pay taxes |
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Term
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Definition
| o It was the pursuit of the Communist Party from the Nationalist Party in China. Helped Mao claim leadership among Communist China (prestige among his escaping followers). |
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Term
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Definition
o Referred to the generation of young men and women who were physically and psychologically damaged during the war
o Lead to a hopeless, bleak attitude |
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Term
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Definition
o Mao Zedong = strongly Communist, put programs of land/tax reform to practice, met w/peasants, etc. = Cultural Rev
o Joined by peasants |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
o Large-scale eliminations
o Important official in Comm. Party was assassinated → purge of party members who were supposedly disloyal to him = used brutality, intimidation, and public trials staged for show to rid the party of members who claimed were disloyal or were working against the interests of the state → expanded to include general population
o 5 million people |
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Term
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Definition
o Great Russian royal family
o Last = Czar Nicholas II |
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Term
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Definition
o Stalin was a leader of the Bolsheviks
• Advocated “socialism in one country” = argued that after socialism succeeded in the Soviet Union, the revolution would spread the rest of the world
• Won |
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Term
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Definition
o Artistic style that brings conscious and unconscious ideas together to portray life in a dreamlike way.
o Used by Kafka in The Castle
o Used by Dali in The Persistence of Memory |
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Term
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Definition
o A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.
o Totalitarian regimes stay in political power through an all-encompassing propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that is often marked by personality cultism, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of speech, mass surveillance, and widespread use of terror. |
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Term
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Definition
o Trotsky was a party organizer, single-handedly created Red Army that defended the Bolshevik Revolution (of which Stalin was a leader)
• Strict Marxist belief that revolution should take place among workers all over the world
• Exiled and murdered in Mexico |
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Term
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Definition
| o Japanese Naval Marshal General and the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II, a graduate of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy and a student at Harvard University (1919–1921). |
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Term
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Definition
| o Trying to keep the peace by accepting some of the demands of the aggressor Atlantic Charter |
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Term
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Definition
| o One of the largest Nazi concentration camps |
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Term
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Definition
| o Italy, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union (early) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Britain, France (eh), China, Soviet Union (later), US (later) |
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Term
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Definition
| o The forcible transfer, by the Imperial Japanese Army, of 76,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war after the three-month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II, which resulted in the deaths of thousands of prisoners. |
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Term
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Definition
| o German for "lightning war"; fast, forceful style of fighting used by Germany during World War II. |
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Term
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Definition
o Prime Minister of GB
o Invited to Munich Conference
o Used appeasement |
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Term
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Definition
o WWI war hero
o Leader of the Free French movt.
o Eventual leader of France
o Nationalist
o Accepted Algerian independence
o Ruled Fifth Republic
o Resigns after rejected reforms |
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Term
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Definition
o Winston Churchill replaces Neville Chamberlain
• Does not approve of appeasement
• Rejects Hitler’s peace settlement |
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Term
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Definition
| o Roosevelt & Churchill + Stalin = agreed that Germany would be divided and occupied by Allied troops → Soviets agreed to enter the war against Japan = would get Japanese territories |
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Term
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Definition
| o General who helped defeat Rommel in North Africa (separate from Battle of El Alamein) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Japanese emperor during WWII |
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Term
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Definition
o German general
o Led troops at Battle of El Alamein |
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Term
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Definition
| o An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Hitler’s plan of systematically exterminating all the Jews |
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Term
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Definition
| o American general who seized control of the Philippines from Japan |
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Term
| German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact |
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Definition
o 1939 agreement dividing Eastern Europe into spheres of influence.
o A result of secret talks
o Germany and Soviet Union would never attack each other, each would remain neutral if the other went to war
o Germany would take western Poland
o Soviet had a free hand in the Baltic countries, eastern Poland, and Bessarabia
o Huge military advantage for Germany |
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Term
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Definition
| o Polish ghettos were common in WWII, as Jews, and other outcasts were shipped there during the war. There was little food and any other sort of supplies. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Head of the SS (military branch of Nazi Party) headed the Final Solution |
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Term
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Definition
| o A Prussian-German field marshal, statesman, and politician, and served as the second President of Germany from 1925 to 1934. |
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Term
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Definition
o German dictator during WWII
o Leader of the Nazi Party
o Anti-Semite |
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Term
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Definition
| o Military strategy of capturing only certain islands of a country and bypassing the others |
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Term
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Definition
| o German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As one of Adolf Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers, he was known for his zealous oratory and anti-Semitism. He played a hand in the Kristallnacht attack on the German Jews, which many historians consider to be the beginning of the Final Solution, leading to the Holocaust. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, designed to destroy as many warships as possible. |
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Term
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Definition
o “Night of Broken Glass”
o A pogrom of coordinated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA storm troopers and civilians. German authorities looked on without intervening. The attacks left the streets covered with broken glass from the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues. This was because a Polish-Jew assassinated a German senator in France. It was the German’s way of getting back at the Jews. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Allowed the US president to supply war materials to Great Britain on credit in WWII |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
o Line built between France and Germany
o Useless after Dunkirque |
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Term
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Definition
| o Project of developing the atomic bomb |
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Term
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Definition
"My Struggle”
o Book written by Adolf Hitler while in jail where he publicly declares his views: anti-Semitism, highly nationalist, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Hitler held Munich Conference, invited Neville Chamberlain and Daladier, as well as Mussolini. Chamberlain and Daladier accepted Hitler’s demand that Sudetenland be joined w/Germany to avoid war (appeasement) |
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Term
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Definition
o Italian fascist dictator
o Worked to improve nation’s economy
o Believed that overseas expansion would help ease some of Italy’s econ. problems; Ethiopia became target
o Allies w/Hitler |
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Term
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Definition
| o Trials for war crimes against the Jews by the Nazis after WWII |
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Term
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Definition
| o The planned invasion of northwest France by the Allies → led to V-E Day |
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Term
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Definition
| o A mass murder, genocide and war rape that occurred during the six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former capital of the Republic of China, on December 13, 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. During this period hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed soldiers were murdered and soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army raped 20,000–80,000 men, women and children. |
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Term
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Definition
o Joseph Stalin
o FDR
o Winston Churchill |
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Term
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Definition
| o Adolf Hitler's name for his regime meaning the "third empire." |
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Term
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Definition
o President of the US
o Authorized the drop of the atomic bomb
o The United Nations, The Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, and the Truman Doctrine to contain Communism. |
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Term
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Definition
| laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Victory in Europe Day (German surrender) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Victory in Japan Day (Japanese surrender) |
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Term
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Definition
| o German-collaborating French puppet govt. under Pétain |
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Term
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Definition
| o This was the massive Allied offensive that happened in Normandy, France. The Supreme leader of the entire attack was Dwight D. Eisenhower. |
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Term
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Definition
| o This was a battle in the Middle of the Pacific Ocean, most influential naval battle of WWII. The Americans defeated a Japanese Imperial fleet, which allowed them access to attack Japanese land, because of the amount of damage it did to the Japanese fleet. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Nonstop German air raids on Britain during 1940 and 1941. |
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Term
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Definition
| o This was a massive German offensive in Belgium that cost many lives. However, it was a decisive victory for the Allies. It is called the "Bulge" because the Germans' offensive line looked like a bulge |
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Term
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Definition
| o One of the most influential and decisive battles of WWII. Germany was victorious in catching the city, but it had a heavy and horrible effect on the German troops. Many died. Spread the Nazi troops to thin. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Fought in the deserts of North Africa. Allied victory between Britain and Germany. Led to German surrender in North Africa. |
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Term
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Definition
o Atomic bombs dropped on these two cities
o First/last use of atomic bombs during a war
o Successfully ended Japanese involvement in WWII |
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Term
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Definition
| o Operation Detachment was a major battle in which the United States fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Empire of Japan. The U.S. invasion, charged with the mission of capturing the three airfields on Iwo Jima, resulted in some of the fiercest fighting in the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Victory for the Americans. |
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Term
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Definition
| After provoked by the US, the Japanese decided to attack Pearl Harbor because they thought the US would be too damaged to fight (they were wrong, obviously, this was the real cause of US involvement in WWII) |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggested dividing line between North and South Korea to divide Russian and Japanese influence |
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Term
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Definition
| blocked the Western Allies' railway and road access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city. |
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Term
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Definition
| provided food, supplies, and raw materials daily to the inhabitants of the western part of the city |
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Term
|
Definition
| o Wall constructed to separate East and West Berlin, to prevent East Germans from escaping to West Berlin. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Practice of forbidding people to work or to be employed (due to suspected Communist links) |
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Term
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Definition
| o A term that was used to refer to the constant competition between the United States of America and the Soviet Union. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Stands for the bombs that went unemployed or went missing through the emergence of nuclear technology through Cold War. |
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Term
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Definition
| o A social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of a classless, moneyless, stateless and revolutionary socialist society structured upon common ownership of the means of production. |
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Term
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Definition
| o US would not stamp out Communism in countries where it already existed or intervene in any country that chose Communism, but in the event of a Communist takeover |
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Term
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Definition
| o Mao Zedong’s violent attempt at social change, getting rid of old customs, habits, thoughts; collected in a little red book |
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Term
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Definition
| o Is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. The term is often used in reference to the general easing of relations between the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1970s, a thawing at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War. (coined by Nixon) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Demilitarized zone, runs along 38th parallel, serves as buffer zone |
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Term
|
Definition
| o Once one country fell to Communism, all its surrounding countries would also |
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Term
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Definition
| o Having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the Soviet Union, having served from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. He was the only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born during the Communist rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| o US ship that had missiles shot at it from Vietnam military, started Vietnam War |
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Term
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Definition
o Term to describe Soviet influence over Europe
o Symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1989. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliance |
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Term
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Definition
| o Leaders of Cambodian genocide under Pol Pot, who wanted a society free of Western influence |
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Term
|
Definition
o Successor to Stalin
o Former secretary of the Communist party in Ukraine |
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Term
|
Definition
o Most recent leader of North Korea
o Police state |
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Term
|
Definition
o Republic of Korea/South Korea (supported by UN) vs Democratic People’s Republic of Korea/North Korea (supported by China & USSR)
o Result of the division of Korea by the Allies at the end of WWII
o The Korean peninsula was ruled by Japan until the end of WWII, but after Japan’s surrender, the peninsula was divided along the 38th parallel
o The US was in the South, Soviets in the north
o First significant fighting of Cold War |
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Term
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Definition
| o European Recovery Program also encouraged European nations to work together. They were to determine their needs and remove trade barriers so that goods could flow freely across the continent. |
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| o Conspiracy belief of anticommunist hysteria, accusing people of being Communists |
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| o North Atlantic Treaty Organization, agreed that if one member nation were attacked, all members would take united action against the aggressor |
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o US President
o Deténte
o Vietnam War
o Relations w/China |
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o US President
o Ended Cold War
o Massive military buildup
o Arms race w/USSR
o Extremely anti-Communist
o Negations w/Gorbachev, leading to the end of the Cold War |
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| o Refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations, rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical premises. |
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| o Refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. |
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| o The contest between the USSR and the United States of America to be the most advanced country. |
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| o First orbiting satellite, Soviet |
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| o Set by Harry Truman, states that the US must consider the continued spread of Communism to be a threat to democracy |
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| o Roosevelt proposed United Nations that would keep the peace through collective security arrangements |
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| o In reaction to NATO, a mutual defense agreement by the Eastern bloc |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: Russia, America, and China
THE WHAT: A permanent relaxation in international affairs between the three, characterized by the signing of treaties such as the SALT I, SALT II, and the Helsinki Agreement.
THE WHEN: During the 70's
THE WHERE: Nixon's visit to Moscow, Brezhnev's visit to Washington, D.C
SIGNIFICANCE: First real attempts to permanently end Cold War |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: Stalin and Eastern bloc vs. NATO
THE WHAT: A metaphorical expression used to explain the barrier separating the Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989
THE WHERE: Along eastern Europe and Stalin's "buffer states"
THE WHEN: The Cold War (1945 to 1989)
SIGNIFICANCE: Represented the real problems of the Cold War - Stalin's idealogy and Western Europe's idealogy were completely at odds |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: Joseph Goebbels and the Jews
THE WHAT: "The night of broken glass" - the destroying/raiding of Jewish-owned properties, businesses, and homes
THE WHEN: Late 1930s
THE WHERE: Austria
SIGNIFICANCE: This represents the real beginnings of the Holocaust and the total lack of rights of Jews. It is important to note that this is in retaliation to the murder of a German senator by a Polish-Jew. |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: Woodrow Wilson
THE WHAT: An organization to prevent future world conflicts by keeping peace and balance
THE WHEN: 1919
THE WHERE: During negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles in Versailles
SIGNIFICANCE: This was the beginnings of the United Nations, which is an organization in power today. However, the LoN was utterly powerless in the Inter-War Years. |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: It was a group of writers, painters, and other artists that tried to capture the time period with its brutal and depressing themes.
THE WHAT: hese artists tried to refer to disillusionment of war or the protest and action of fighting. The Lost generation work includes that of Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein.
THE WHERE: All Western war-affected areas (in particular the US and Britain)
THE WHEN: The Lost Generation was an era during WW1.T(1914-1919)
SIGNIFICANCE: This was the beginnings of a new artistic era - rejection of traditional morals and schools of thought have formed modern art |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: Stalin and Hitler
THE WHAT: It was an alliance made before WW2 that stated that Russia and Germany would not attack one another if it came to wartime. The deal was supposed to last 10 years, but it only lasted for the first two years of WW2.
THE WHEN: (1939)
THE WHERE: Signed in Moscow |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: Allied forces
THE WHAT: Otherwise known was D-Day. This was the massive Allied operation that attacked German controlled coast of France-Normandy. This operation was used to instill a massive counter attack to reclaim France and eventually push German forces back into their country.
THE WHEN: (1944)
THE WHERE: Normandy
SIGNIFICANCE: Ended the war, led to V-E Day |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: A conference between Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Truman
THE WHAT: to discuss what they will do with Germany after WW2 if officially over. It split Berlin, with one half under democratic control and the other half under Communist control. This divide that was issued at the Potsdam conference and it was here that an Iron Curtain, even if they did not realize it, was being brought down. It agreed to war reparations to Soviet Union, demilitarization of Germany, and the split of Germany after the war.
THE WHERE: Potsdam
THE WHEN: (1945)
SIGNIFICANCE: Potsdam was one of the beginning factors of the Cold War era. |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: Russians and Germans (Central Powers)
THE WHAT: A treaty signed stating that Russia was pulling out of the war due to its own revolution
THE WHERE: Brest-Litovsk
THE WHEN: 1918
SIGNIFICANCE: Ended Russian involvement in WWI |
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Definition
THE WHO: Harry Truman
THE WHAT: A doctrine stating that the continued spread of communism was a threat to democracy
THE WHERE: The United States
THE WHEN: 1947
SIGNIFICANCE: Announced US's intention to put an end to Communism |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: Stalin, Churchill, and FDR
THE WHAT: Conference to discuss reorganization of Europe
THE WHERE: Yalta
THE WHEN: After WWI, 1945
SIGNIFICANCE: The decisions taken by Stalin after Yalta showed the Westerners his true intentions |
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Term
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Definition
THE WHO: Arthur Zimmerman, US, Mexico
THE WHAT: A telegram stating that Mexico could take lands in the US if it aided Germany during the war, which was intercepted by the British and published in US newspapers
THE WHERE: US, Mexico, Germany
THE WHEN: 1917
SIGNIFICANCE: Started US involvement in WWI |
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