• appeared 3.2 million yrs ago (oldest known hominid)
• Australopithicene
• discovered by D. Johanson in Ethiopia
• M. Leaky found footprints of two australopithecenes in Tanzania

• "handy man"
• appeared 2.5 million yrs ago
• discovered by L. Leaky in Tanzania

• "upright man"
• appeared 1.4 million yrs ago
• skeleton found by R. Leakey in Kenya
• Ex: Java Man (Indonesia)
• Ex: Peking Man (China)

• "wise human"
• aka Neanderthal
• appeared 100,000 yrs ago
• fire for warmth, cooking, and to ward of animals
• better speach
• burial rituals
• artwork

• Homo erectus evolved in Homo sapiens only in Africa
• Modern humans, Cro-Magnons (Homo sapien sapiens) then displaced Neanderthals (Homo sapiens) throughout Europe
• Emergence of race = recent phenomenon
  

• Homo erectus migrated to a number of regions and then evolved into Homo sapiens in each region
• less accepted theory

• men = hunters/foragers => organize/cooperate w/ other members of clan => language
• women = bear children; tend fire
  
• knowledge of their environment
• simple tools & fire => desire to control their environment
• caves and lean-to shelters
• funeral rituals => believed in afterlife
  
• artwork (ex: Lascaux Cave in France & Altamira Cave in Spain)
  

domestication of animals

c. 4000 BCE

• in modern-day Palestine
• founded c. 8000 BCE
• wheat and barley
• city walls
• trade center

• in modern-day Turkey
• most advanced community of the age
• long-distance trade and labor of artisans