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| Causes of the Renaissance in Italy |
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Definition
| Desire for more wealth for material things, recover from plague, political instability, and decline in church power, and to emphasis the power of the individual. |
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| Causes of the Renaissance in Florence |
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Definition
| Wealthy group of merchants wanted to establish a major-city state so they did. Medici family made the state a large cultural city in Italy. |
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Definition
| Created an efficient tax system that generated enormous revenues for the government. |
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Definition
| Became a major trading center that was very profitable and made them an international power. |
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| Florence's accomplishment |
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Definition
| Medici family made Florence a major cultural city of Italy. |
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| Machiavelli's Political Ideas expressed in The Prince |
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Definition
| A ruler's attitude toward power must be based on an understanding of human nature(self-centered), political activity should not be restricted by human morals. |
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| Italian Renaissance Artists |
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Definition
| Leonardo Di Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo |
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| Based on study of the literary works of Greece and Rome to become well-rounded citizens. |
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| Father of Italian Renaissance humanism. |
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| Changes from Medieval Art to Renaissance Art |
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Definition
| Laws of perspective, realistic portrayal of a person, depth, proportion, 3D, Fresco, oil paints |
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Definition
| Painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints. |
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| Effects of the Printing Press |
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Definition
| Encouraged scholarly research and increased the public's desire to gain knowledge. New religious ideas spread rapidly. |
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| Principles of Christian Humanism |
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Definition
| Goal was to reform the Catholic Church, believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves. It people read classics, they would become more religious. |
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Definition
| Best known Christian humanist |
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| Martin Luther's main Beliefs |
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Definition
| Monk and a professor in Germany, believed that humans were saved not through good works but through faith in God. |
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Definition
| 95 complaints about the Catholic Church written by Martin Luther and were posted all around Germany. (Sale of indulgences) |
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| Effects of the Protestant Reformation |
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Definition
| Luther's ideas spread around Europe like a revolution. The Catholic church loses power. Sparked the Catholic Reformation. (Response to Protestant ref.) |
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| Formed the religion "Calvinism" based on predestination. It meant that God had determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned. |
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| King of England who wanted to divorce his wife, Catharine of Aragon, but the pope did not declare the marriage invalid. He enacted the Act of Supremacy in 1534. |
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| Declared the king the supreme head on earth of the new Church of England. Gave the king control over religious doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline. |
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Definition
| Believed true Christian church was a community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had been baptized. Complete separation of church and state. |
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| Led by the Jesuit missionaries who educated people all over the world of the Catholic Faith. |
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| Adventure, Spread of religion, and wealth. |
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| 3 New Innovations for Sea Travel |
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Definition
| Astrolabe, Compass, and Triangular Sails |
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Term
| 5 Main Countries involved in Expansion |
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Definition
| Spain, Portugal, England, Dutch, France |
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Term
| Difference between Spanish and Portuguese exploration |
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Definition
| Spain went west, Portugal went east. |
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Definition
| Set up a line of demarcation, everything unexplored to the east would belong to spain and to the west Portugal. |
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Definition
| Prosperity of a nation depended on gold and silver, that came from colonies. |
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| Difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time. |
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| Settlement of people living in a new territory, under government control. |
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| Effects of exploration in Southeast Asia |
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Definition
| Set up a major trading area between the European nations. |
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Term
| Location of Ottoman Empire and how it helped them |
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Definition
| Northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula and into the Balkans, making them a sea power. |
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Definition
| Under Mehmet II, the ottomans sieged the Byzantines with eighty thousand troops. |
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Definition
| Elite guard recruited from local Christian population, converted to Islam, and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to serve the sultan. |
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| Officials that collected taxes, maintained law, and were responsible to the sultan's court in Constantinople. |
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| Private domain of the sultan. |
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| Chief minister that led the meetings of the council. |
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| Dominant religion of the Ottomans |
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Definition
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| Group of religious advisers that administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims. |
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| Ottoman Policy of Other Religions |
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Definition
| Generally tolerant of non-Muslims. The non-Muslims paid a separate tax buit were allowed to practice their religion. |
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Term
| Social Classes in the Ottoman Empire |
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Definition
| Divided by occupation, the four main groups were peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral peoples. |
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Term
| Problems with the Ottoman Empire |
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Definition
| Sultans after Suleyman became less involved in the government, local officials were corrupt, constant wars depleted the treasury. |
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Term
| Artistic Ottoman Achievements |
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Definition
| Greatest creations were their mosques, also had textiles and rugs. |
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| Ottoman architect that built 81 mosques. |
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| Greatest Ottoman ruler, executed cruel governors, created a well-ordered system. |
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Term
| Founding of the Safavid Dynasty |
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Definition
| Founded by Shah Ismail who used his forces to seize much of Iran and Iraq, called himself the shah of the new state. |
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Term
| Location of the Safavid Dynasty |
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Definition
| Modern day Iran and Iraq in between the Ottomans and Moguls. |
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Term
| 2 Main Ethnic Groups in the Safavids |
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Definition
| Turkish and Persian People, the Safavids used Shiite Islam as a unifying force. |
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Definition
| Greatest Safavid ruler, allied with Europeans against the Ottomans to gain back lost territories. |
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| Use of Orthodoxy after Shah Abbas |
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Definition
| Pressure increased for religious orthodoxy, women were forced into the wearing of the veil. |
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| Safavid Political Structure |
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Definition
| Shah at the top, bureaucracy and landed classes in the middle, common people below. |
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| Reason for Safavid trade challenges |
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Definition
| It was not a sea power like the Ottomans and Moguls. |
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Definition
| Struggled to trade with Europe, but it did have a large and affluent urban middle class involved in trade. |
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| Key architectural elements of Isfahan |
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Definition
| Palaces, mosques, bazaars, polo grounds, buildings richly decorated. |
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Definition
| Most famous artist of the period who created exquisite works on simple subjects. |
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| Founding of the Mogul Empire |
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Definition
| Babur lead an army across the Khyber Pass into India. He captured Delhi and established power in North India. |
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Term
| Akbar's attitude toward non-natives in the government |
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Definition
| Very tolerant, the upper ranks of the government were filled with non-native Muslims. |
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Definition
| Local officials who kept a portion of the taxes paid by the peasants for a salary. |
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| Overall name for Akbar's rule |
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Definition
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Definition
| Cremating a widow on her husband's funeral pyre (banned by Aurangzeb) |
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Term
| Reasons for the decline of the Moguls |
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Definition
| Aurangzeb's policies led to Hindu outcries and domestic unrest. Revolts left the empire unstable, leading to Delhi being sacked by the Persians. |
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| Women's role in Mogul society |
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Definition
| Were given some rights, but placed certain restrictions based on Islamic law. |
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| Greatest Architectural Achievement of the Moguls |
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Definition
| The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Muhal. |
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Definition
| Proposed the Geocentric theory (Earth centered solar system) |
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Definition
| Proposed the Heliocentric theory (Sun centered solar system) |
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Definition
| Universal Law of Gravitation, explains why planets do not tumble off into space, |
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Definition
| Supported the idea of the heliocentric solar system and was condemned by the church for heresy and put under house arrest for the rest of his life. |
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Definition
| Wrote "On the Motion of the Heart and Blood", discovered that blood circulation began at the heart not the liver. |
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Definition
| Looked at slices of cork and discovered cells. |
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Definition
| Made the 1st microscope to discover the unseen world. |
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Definition
| Described thousands of plant species and taxonomy. |
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Definition
| Developed the scientific method. |
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Definition
| Believed in rationalism, based on the belief that reason is the chief source of all knowledge. |
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Definition
| Argued that everyone was born with a blank mind and that people were molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world. |
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Definition
| Argued that people had adapted laws and government in order to preserve their private property. |
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Definition
Wrote "The Spirit of the Laws"
Identified 3 basic kinds of gov't: Republics, Despotism, Monarchies.
Believed England had 3 branches of gov't:Executive, Legislative, Judicial. |
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Definition
| Wrote "The Wealth of Nations" Gave gov't three basic roles: Protect society from invasion, defend citizens from injustice, keep public works. |
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Definition
| Fought against religious intolerance in France. |
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Definition
| Wrote the "Encyclopedia" to change the general way of thinking. |
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Definition
| Elegant drawing rooms of wealthy upper class's great urban houses in which enlightenment ideas were spread. |
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| Problems in Pre-Revolutionary France |
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Definition
| First and Second Estates were exempt from taxes, people living in poverty, unfair political system. |
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Definition
| Members of the National Assembly swore that they would meet in the indoor tennis court until they established a new constitution. |
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| New government put into place by Napoleon. |
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| Napoleon's law system emphasizing equality of all citizens before the law. |
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Definition
| Meeting in 1814 involving Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to arrange a final peace settlement. |
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| Leader at the Congress of Vienna |
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Definition
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Definition
| Monarchies should be restored throughout Europe. |
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| Political philosophy based on tradition and social stability. Hated revolutions, people should obey political authorities and have an organized religion. |
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| Principle of Intervention |
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Definition
| The great powers adopted this principle allowing them to send armies into states having a revolution in order to restore the monarch to their throne. |
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Definition
| Philosophy based on Enlightenment principles, people should be as free as possible from government restraint. |
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| People should be unified with like customs, people owe their loyalty to the nation as a whole rather than one figure. |
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| New intellectual movement that emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing. |
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| Art is a reflection of the artist's inner feelings, painting should mirror the artist's vision of the world. |
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| Romantic music composer who used his emotions to create music. |
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| Direct expression of the soul, worship of nature brought forth imagination. |
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| Bismarck's "Blood and Iron" speech |
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Definition
| Speech given by Otto von Bismarck about unifying the German territories. (1862) |
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