Term
|
Definition
| The global diffusion of plants, animals, and pathogens, as a result of contact between 2 distinct – and hereto for separated- worlds. |
|
|
Term
| Cantino World Map (Lisbon, 1502) |
|
Definition
| – first map to show the Americas – First time people could see it instead of just hear about it. Became more real – Not a lot of detail – more detail around port cities and cities of trade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
What is knowledge? Truth?
How do we know anything with certainty?
How do we obtain reliable and useful knowledge about the natural world?
----if we thought the world looked one way and it doesn’t, what else may not be true?
Empiricism vs. Received truths |
|
|
Term
| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) |
|
Definition
(Italian, 1564-1642)
Telescope – 1609
Show that heavenly bodies were not perfect orbs of light, bringing the heavens into human view for study |
|
|
Term
| Francis Bacon (1561-1626) |
|
Definition
| (English,1561-1626) known for emphasis on the human mind and reason – promotes idea that we cannot rely on received truths – 2 types of reasoning, deductive(general to specific) and inductive(specific to general) – Bacon promoted inductive reasoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(English, 1642-1727)
Law of falling bodies
Fixed definite and natural laws – world worked according to – was divinely created
gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experimentation and direct observation: a new way to gather information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Power of state is contingent; requires consent of governed (i.e. not absolute) – no more monarchs – power is given by people not divine right by God
Purpose of government is protection of “natural rights” (life, liberty, property)
Natural Rights set limits on authority of government; determine its legitimacy
Loss of legitimacy of state =duty of people to overthrow and/or rebel – in the event that the gov’t is not protecting peoples natural rights
Liberty is a value more important than order – freedom is more important than structure – political consequences if you believe it throws things into chaos is a necessary evil if natural rights arent protected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wrote Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690)
"Life, Liberty, Property" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sole power in one person: Ex: Absolute monarch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in many ways a student of John Locke Sattirist – used humor to mask a serious message introduced Locke and the Enlightenment to France by _____ letters never endorsed one form of govt over another his ideas were spread through printing press |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Estate=Clergy
130,000 members (tot pop 26 mil)
Owned 10-15% land
Exempted from nearly all taxes
Gathered funds through tithes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wife Marie Antoinette
Inherits Divine rule and Absolutist mind when comes to power from Sun king (name?)
Inherited major financial crisis
Had overextended itself in lending to the American Revolution
Half of French money used to pay interest on the debt
Environmental crisis – series of bad harvests – prompted a famine – hit Paris hard, people w no access to land – bread prices sky rocket – nearly 50% of peasants salary went to purchase bread
Unemployment sky rocketed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primarily 3rd estate w some sympathetic members of other 2 estates
Why do we have so much debt?
Louis XVI locked them out of the assembly hall hoping to stop the questions and discussions.
They went next door to tennis courts instead. |
|
|
Term
| Oath of the Tennis Court (1789) |
|
Definition
“We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations.”
Renamed themselves National Assembly
Made Louis XVI a constitutional monarch – no longer absolute monarch – based on England
576 people signed the oath
Call for change
Announcement of independent action |
|
|
Term
| Storming of the Bastille (14 July 1789) |
|
Definition
Louis set his own personal guard against the national assembly
News of oath made its way into Paris from Versailles
Parisians see this as an opportunity for change
900 Parisians rise up– show of support for national assembly – looking for weapons for the revolution – symbolic event – the building was a symbol of monarchy -
98 lives lost in the attack |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) |
|
Definition
National Assembly intervened – did not want angry violent destruction of property – Made a legal blow to the old regime –
Preamble (Thomas Jefferson was US Ambassador to Paris in 1789 – upon request, advised paris on what to right in their declaration) – only 300 words long – written so the preamble would be made into flyers and distributed around Europe –wanted every French citizen to own a copy – people feel a new sense of citizenship and unity and a new identity |
|
|
Term
| Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) |
|
Definition
| playwright and early political activist – released statement after Declaration re wrote Declaration to be Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the female citizen |
|
|
Term
| Decl. Rights of Woman & Female Citizen (1791) |
|
Definition
Article 1
Woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights.
Article 2
The purpose of any political association is the conservation of the natural rights of woman and man; these are liberty, property, security, and especially resistance to oppression.
Article 11
Any female citizen may freely say: I am the mother of a child that belongs to you, without being forced by a barbarous prejudice to hide the truth.
Article 13
In support of the expenses of administration, the contributions of women are equal; therefore, we must have the same share in the distribution of positions, employment, office, honors, and jobs.
Article 17
Property belongs to both sexes; for each it is an inviolable and sacred right no one can be deprived of. |
|
|
Term
| Committee of Public Safety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reign of Terror (1793-1794) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Napoleonic (Civil) Code (1804) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Boukman’s Prayer (August 1790) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Touissant L’Ouverture (1743-1803) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758-1806) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haitian Constitution (1805) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768-1848) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paraguayan War (1865-1870) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Law of the Free Womb (1871) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saraiva-Cotegipe Law (1885) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Italian
Gained experience as a mariner with the portugese
Spain sponsored voyage to find new route to India |
|
|
Term
| They were happy being a large power on the Mediterranean. |
|
Definition
| Why did Italy refuse to sponsor Christopher Columbus's voyage? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rulers of Spain at the time of Columbus's voyage |
|
|
Term
| 1492 - reconquest - pushed Muslims out |
|
Definition
| Why was Spain an unlikely candidate? |
|
|
Term
1. Land – motivated by search for basic resources and lands that were suitable for cash crops.
2. Markets – motivated by new trade routes to Asian markets
3. Faith – motivated by chance to spread Christianity |
|
Definition
| What 3 motivations did Spain have for sponsoring Columbus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What translators were brought with Columbus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where did Columbus first arrive? Second? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What people did he first meet? What did he call them? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How did the news of Columbus's discovery spread so quickly? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who invented the printing press? When? |
|
|
Term
| Columbus's discovery of the new world |
|
Definition
| What event set off a chain reaction of explorations? |
|
|
Term
| Corn, potatoes, Xocoatal, Quinine, Sugar Cane |
|
Definition
| What were some items that transferred from the New World to the Old World by the Columbian Exchange? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which items of the Columbian Exchange became a big part of the European diet? They are rugged crops – grow in rough soil, linked to the population boom in the 18th century and a driving force behind the industrial revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First came from Christopher Columbus’s nephews diary: “They seem to hold these almonds at a great price, for when they are brough onto a ship, if one falls they all stoop to pick it up.”
Only became popular to Europeans when they discovered to mix Sugar with it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of Columbian Exchange: Used to treat Malaria - Essential to British troops later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– became most important item in transatlantic trade – huge crop to cuba, brazil, etc.
Required a whole new type of labor – slavery |
|
|
Term
| From Old World to New World |
|
Definition
| Most animals in the Columbian Trade moved in which direction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest domesticated animal at the time |
|
|
Term
| Horse - changed face of labor in America – beasts of burden – could do the work of multiple men, freeing the men to do other jobs |
|
Definition
| Most important animal involved in the Columbian exchange and why |
|
|
Term
| Llama, Alpaca, Sheep, Pigs, Cattle, Horses, Pathogens, Slaves |
|
Definition
| What were some items involved in the Columbian Exchange that moved from the old world to the new world? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How did diseases brought to America by Europe affect the local population? |
|
|
Term
| Small pox, diptheria, Influenza, whooping cough, measles |
|
Definition
| What were some of the diseases brought to the Americas by the Columbian Exchange? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What was the most devastating disease the Europeans introduced to the new world? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What was one disease the Americas sent to Europe? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which colony had the number 1 slave population? (8-9 million) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experimentation and direct observation: a new way to gather information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like religion, ancient greek philosophy, the bible, etc. |
|
|
Term
1.) Workings of universe can be explained by natural causes (not magic or superstition) – sense of empowerment comes with understanding and not relying on magic – fear is shed
2) Humans gain tremendous power to determine their world=confidence + optimism
3) Church/clergy no longer have a monopoly on knowledge=less power ----not happy – scientists face a lot of persecution
4) Reason and rationality used to discover natural order of universe can be applied to society=“Enlightenment” |
|
Definition
| 4 Implications of the Scientific revolution |
|
|
Term
1. Discontentment
2. Leadership
3. Mass Support – otherwise is just a coup or a riot but not a lasting revolution – means to execute like weapons, etc
4. Ideas – plan, common goal
5. Opportunity - catalyst |
|
Definition
| What is the recipe for a revolution? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Called himself sun king bc the universal view had changed to Heliocentric view – Sun is center - He was center of French State - also showed he was current and up to date
He had all power – his government did not line up to Enlightenment – discontent people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nobility
300,000 members (overlap w clergy – some members of both)
Owned 40-50% land (estates) – wealth and status was land
Majority important positions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Everyone Else
Middle class (merchants/artisans) – wealth in cash, not in land, so no status and no power
Peasants (80% population) – people telling bad version of little red
Owned 30-40% land (small plots) – used just for sustaining their families |
|
|
