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| a long, deep valley formed by the movement of the earth’s crust. |
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| Africa south of the Sahara. |
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| a semiarid region in Africa just south of the Sahara that separates the desert from wetter areas. |
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| an open grassland with scattered trees. |
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| a moist, densely wooded area that contains many different plants and animals. |
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| a family group that includes the father, mother, children, and close relatives. |
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| the belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits. |
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| a process in which people exchange goods without contacting each other directly. |
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| (ruled c. 1068) King of the Empire of Ghana, his kingdom was visited by Muslim writers. |
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| (died 1255) Founder of the Empire of Mali, his reign is recorded in legends. |
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| (died c. 1332) Mali’s greatest and most famous ruler, he was a devout Muslim. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca that helped spread Mali’s fame. |
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| (died 1492) Emperor of Songhai, he conquered Mali and made Songhai into a powerful state. |
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| Songhai ruler, he overthrew Sunni Baru. His reign was the high point of Songhai culture. |
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| a spoken record of past events. |
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| a West African storyteller. |
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| a short saying of wisdom or truth. |
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| a hand-woven, brightly colored West African fabric. |
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| a series of steps by which a task is accomplished. |
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