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| a hill of sand shaped by the wind |
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| a wet, fertile area within a desert |
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| a group of traders that travel together |
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| (SOOK) a market or bazaar in the Islamic world |
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| (c. 570–632) Founder of Islam, he spread Islam’s teachings to the people of Arabia. His teachings make up the Qu’ran |
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| a religion based on the messages Muhammad is believed to have received from God |
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| the holy book of Islam (Koran) |
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| a place at which people worship a saint or god |
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| a journey to a sacred place |
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| a building for Muslim prayer |
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| to make an effort or to struggle; has also been interpreted to mean holy war |
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| a collection of writings about the way Muhammad lived that provides a model for Muslims to follow |
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| five acts of worship required of all Muslims |
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| c. 573–634) The first caliph, he ruled the Muslim world after Muhammad’s death |
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| a title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam |
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| an Ottoman slave soldier usually Christians who begin serving as boys |
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| (1432–1481) Ottoman sultan, he defeated the Byzantine Empire in 1453 |
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| title for an Ottoman ruler |
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| (c. 1494–1566) Ottoman ruler, he governed the empire at its height |
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| an area of an Ottoman household where women lived apart from men |
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| member of the second-largest branch of Islam they thought that only members of Muhammad’s family could become caliphs |
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| the largest branch of Islam they didn’t think caliphs had to be related to Muhammad as long as they were good Muslims and strong leaders |
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| (1304–c. 1368) Muslim traveler and writer, he visited Africa, India, China, and Spain his knowledge of other lands was use to improve the maps |
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| c. 1048–c. 1131) Sufi poet, mathematician, and astronomer, he wrote The Rubáiyát. |
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| a sponsor, usually of an artist |
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| a narrow tower from which Muslims are called to prayer |
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| decorative writing that is so elaborate it is a form of art |
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| the process of growing or improving |
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